Thank you for choosing HealthieOne for your health assessment.
Your test results offer a personalized, in-depth snapshot of your current health status, designed to help you make more informed decisions about your wellness journey. We encourage you to share your HealthieOne Complete report with your primary care provider, as these insights can highlight key areas for optimization and establish a valuable baseline for your ongoing wellness journey.
Overall Health Summary:
Your comprehensive blood panel shows the vast majority of your markers falling within normal ranges. However, several specific findings deserve attention, and HealthieOne's comprehensive approach helps us understand how these markers interconnect to reveal underlying patterns that can be addressed through targeted interventions.
Cardiovascular Health
Your LDL cholesterol level is elevated. This is particularly significant given your strong family history of heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension. This elevation, combined with your sedentary work lifestyle and high stress levels, creates a cardiovascular risk profile that needs immediate attention. While your HDL cholesterol and triglycerides remain healthy, and your inflammatory marker C-reactive protein is optimally low, the LDL elevation suggests your body may be producing excess cholesterol or not clearing it efficiently.
Your lipoprotein(a) level is significantly elevated, representing a genetic cardiovascular risk factor that cannot be modified through diet or lifestyle alone. This finding is particularly concerning given your strong family history of heart disease and creates an urgent need to optimize all your controllable cardiovascular risk factors. Lipoprotein(a) is largely determined by genetics and acts as an independent risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Since you cannot change this genetic predisposition, it becomes crucial to aggressively manage every other cardiovascular risk factor. This means maintaining optimal blood pressure, keeping your LDL cholesterol as low as possible through diet and potentially medication, managing stress through techniques like meditation or yoga, and increasing your physical activity to counteract your sedentary work environment. We strongly recommend discussing this result with a cardiologist within the next 2-3 weeks to develop a comprehensive cardiovascular risk reduction strategy and determine if additional testing (such as coronary calcium scoring, or other specialized evaluations) or preventive medications are appropriate.
Your trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) level is elevated, which is a cardiovascular risk marker that forms when gut bacteria process certain compounds found in fish, eggs, and other foods. While this elevation might seem concerning given your pescatarian diet, it's important to understand that TMAO levels can be influenced by gut bacteria composition, kidney function, and dietary patterns. Since you consume fish regularly as part of your pescatarian diet, some elevation might be expected. However, optimal levels are still preferable for cardiovascular health, especially given your elevated lipoprotein(a) and family history of heart disease. To address this finding, focus on supporting healthy gut bacteria through probiotic-rich foods like yogurt, kefir, and fermented vegetables, while adding prebiotic foods such as garlic, onions, and asparagus. Consider moderating your fish intake slightly, perhaps alternating fish meals with plant-based protein sources like legumes and quinoa. We recommend discussing these results with your healthcare provider and cardiologist to determine if additional cardiovascular risk assessment is needed. We recommend retesting TMAO levels in 3-4 months after implementing these dietary changes.
Hormonal Health
Your 17-hydroxyprogesterone level is elevated, which may indicate adrenal stress or hormonal imbalance, particularly relevant given your history of unsuccessful IVF cycles and current high stress levels. This hormone is involved in the production of cortisol and sex hormones, and elevation can occur when your adrenal glands are working harder to manage stress or when there are disruptions in hormone metabolism. Your high stress levels and the physical and emotional toll of multiple IVF cycles could contribute to this finding. Focus on stress reduction techniques such as regular meditation, deep breathing exercises, gentle yoga, or other relaxation practices that work for you. Ensure you're getting adequate sleep, aiming for 7-9 hours nightly, and consider whether your current exercise routine provides stress relief or adds additional physical stress. We recommend retesting this hormone marker in 3-4 months and discussing these results with your healthcare provider.
Your estradiol level is elevated for a post-menopausal woman, which warrants investigation given your history of unsuccessful IVF treatments and current post-menopausal status. This elevation could indicate residual effects from previous hormone treatments or other underlying factors affecting your hormone balance. Since elevated estrogen levels can have implications for cardiovascular health and other conditions, particularly in postmenopausal women, this finding needs attention. We recommend retesting your hormone panel in 2-3 months and discussing these results with your gynecologist or endocrinologist to determine if further evaluation is needed.
Your blood work reveals a complex picture of a post-menopausal woman whose body is navigating the interplay between genetic cardiovascular risk factors, residual effects from fertility treatments, and current lifestyle factors. The combination of elevated LDL, TMAO and lipoprotein(a), along with your family history, represents the most significant findings requiring immediate attention and aggressive cardiovascular risk reduction strategies. The hormonal elevations suggest your endocrine system may still be recovering from previous IVF treatments while adapting to post-menopausal changes. With targeted interventions including cardiovascular risk reduction, nutrition adjustments, hormonal rebalancing through stress management and appropriate medical follow-up, you can optimize your health outcomes. Your proactive approach to comprehensive health testing positions you well for implementing the necessary changes to optimize your health and reduce your cardiovascular risk. We recommend discussing all the above findings with your healthcare providers for further guidance.
Your biological age is 44, which is younger than your chronological age of 49.
Regular assessments will allow you to track meaningful changes and make informed decisions to optimize your health goals over time. We've designed our comprehensive test specifically to connect the dots linking your health background, biochemistry, and lifestyle factors to uncover the deeper causes of health issues. Our reports are intentionally crafted to be both thorough and accessible, making it easier for you and your healthcare team to collaborate effectively. This holistic approach transforms isolated data points into actionable insights that support your long-term health journey.
If you have any questions about your results, please don't hesitate to contact our support team at myhealthieone@healthieone.com.
Warmly,
The HealthieOne Team
Clinical Summary
Within normal range
230Out of normal range
5Within normal range
230Out of normal range
5Anne Le, MD, HDR
James Ritchie, PhD, DABCC, FADLM
CAP#: 9662090 CLIA#: 21D2287503.
Baltimore, MD 21202
Antioxidant Levels
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Anserine is a natural substance found in muscles and the brain. Anserine reduces acidity in muscles, and supports muscle performance. Anserine can act as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can harm cells.
Test purpose:
- Assess muscle health and metabolism: It helps assess how muscles are functioning and responding to physical stress.
- Evaluate effects on aging processes or conditions like Alzheimer's disease where oxidative stress plays a role.
Other information about this test: ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Muscle Health
Explanation: Carnosine is a molecule made from two amino acids (beta-alanine and histidine) that is found in muscles, brain, and other tissues. It acts like a protector for cells by reducing damage caused by harmful molecules (free radicals) and preventing lactic acid buildup in muscles during exercise.
Test purpose: Evaluate muscle health, assess antioxidant activity, assess dietary intake.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Antioxidant Levels
Explanation: Cystathionine is an intermediate in amino acid metabolism. Amino acids are the building blocks the body uses to make proteins. It plays an important role in detoxification and antioxidant defense.
Test purpose: To check for issues in amino acid metabolism and assess antioxidant levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Cysteine is an amino acid, a building block of proteins. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning human body can make some of it, but needs extra from foods like eggs, meat, and some grains. Cysteine helps build proteins, supports antioxidant defenses, and plays a role in detoxification.
Test purpose: A cysteine blood test helps assess:
- Nutritional status, particularly in people with malabsorption disorders or protein deficiencies.
- Oxidative stress and antioxidant balance, since cysteine is essential for glutathione production.
Antioxidant Levels
Kidney Health
Explanation: Cystine is an intermediate in amino acid metabolism. Amino acids are the building blocks the body uses to make proteins. It’s important for building proteins, and playing a role in detoxifying harmful substances.
Test purpose:
- Assessment of Cystine Stone Formation: Cystine can form kidney stones in individuals with cystinuria, a genetic disorder where cystine is poorly reabsorbed by the kidneys, leading to high levels in urine and potential stone formation.
- Evaluate amino acid metabolism or antioxidant capacity.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Immune Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Glutathione reduced (GSH) is a powerful antioxidant made by the body. It protects cells from damage caused by free radicals (harmful molecules) and toxins. Glutathione also plays a role in boosting immune system and detoxifying harmful substances.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate antioxidant status and immune health: Evaluate how well the body is protecting itself from oxidative stress and cell damage that can lead to aging, inflammation, or chronic illness.
- Monitor detoxification function: Glutathione helps the liver remove toxins, so abnormal levels may reflect liver dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Cell and Tissue Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Indole-3-propionate (IPA) is a compound produced by certain gut bacteria during the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan. It acts as a potent antioxidant, helping to neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Additionally, IPA is shown to exert neuroprotective effects and possesses anti-amyloid properties, aiding in the prevention of neuronal death.
Test Purpose:
- Check gut health.
- Evaluate antioxidant status, since IPA contributes to neutralizing harmful free radicals in the body.
- Evaluate neurological health, given IPA's neuroprotective effects.
Antioxidant Levels
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Methionine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Methionine is important because it helps build proteins, repair tissues, and produce other vital substances like glutathione (an antioxidant that protects cells from damage). It also plays a role in detoxifying the liver and supporting overall metabolism.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps identify nutritional deficiencies, and liver problems. This test also investigates neurological symptoms as methionine is linked to the production of neurotransmitters, so imbalances may affect brain and nervous system function.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Cardiovascular Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Taurine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce naturally, and also obtain from foods like meat, fish, and dairy. Taurine is like a multitasker in the body, helping with everything from keeping the heart and brain in shape to regulating heart rhythm to protecting cells from harmful substances called free radicals to regulating hydration, maintain electrolyte balance and support digestion.
Test purpose: Detect low taurine levels which may occur in people with malnutrition or certain restrictive diets.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Muscle Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin E acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. It’s also important for maintaining the immune system and maintaining nerves and muscles. Vitamin E is found in foods like nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, spinach, and avocados.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, monitor absorption issues, and prevent complications from both low and excessive levels, ensuring overall health and well-being.
- Detect Vitamin E deficiency: Low levels can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, vision problems, or issues with coordination due to nerve damage.
- Monitor people with malabsorption conditions.
- Assess nutritional status: Especially in people with poor diets, malnutrition, or those unable to absorb fat properly (since Vitamin E is fat-soluble).
- Monitor supplementation: High doses of Vitamin E supplements can cause toxicity, so testing ensures safe levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is known as “bad” cholesterol because it can build up in artery walls, leading to plaque formation, narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis), and an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
Test purpose: Calculated LDL cholesterol provides a practical, widely available method for assessing cardiovascular risk and managing lipid disorders. High LDL levels increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and artery blockages. Low LDL levels are generally beneficial.
- Assess heart disease and stroke risk.
- Monitor high cholesterol and response to treatment (diet, medication, lifestyle changes).
- Detect familial hypercholesterolemia (genetic high cholesterol).
- Evaluate lipid disorders in people with metabolic syndrome or diabetes.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Lipoprotein (a), or Lp(a), is a type of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, also known as bad cholesterol) that carries cholesterol in the blood. Lipoprotein (a) creates plaques in the blood vessels reducing blood flow through arteries. Its levels are primarily determined by genetics and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes. Unlike other cholesterol markers, Lp(a) levels remain relatively stable over a lifetime and are not significantly affected by lifestyle changes.
Test Purpose:
- Assess inherited risk for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke.
- Elevated Lipoprotein (a) often presents without symptoms, but in cases of extremely high levels, Lipoprotein (a) apheresis may be considered to lower its concentration in the blood.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a compound produced in the body when gut bacteria break down certain nutrients found in foods like red meat, eggs, and dairy. The liver converts these breakdown products into TMAO, which then circulates in the blood and is excreted by the kidney in urine. TMAO regulates the various bodily functions involved in the development of heart health.
Test Purpose:
- Evaluate TMAO levels as a possible indicator of cardiovascular disease risk
- Assess kidney function, as TMAO is cleared by the kidneys and may accumulate if they are impaired
Cardiovascular Health
Explanation: Aldosterone is a steroid hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). It helps the body control blood pressure by managing the balance of sodium and water in blood.
Test purpose:
- Check for hormone imbalances: To assess conditions like hyperaldosteronism (too much aldosterone) or hypoaldosteronism (too little aldosterone).
- Monitor blood pressure, especially high blood pressure that’s hard to control: Investigate whether aldosterone level is a factor.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is the primary protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), often referred to as "good cholesterol." ApoA1 plays a critical role in reverse cholesterol transport, a process where cholesterol is removed from tissues and transported to the liver for excretion. Higher levels of ApoA1 are associated with a lower risk of heart disease caused by cholesterol buildup in the arteries. Conversely, low levels may indicate an increased risk (especially in the presence of an elevated apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) level) and can be associated with certain genetic conditions, such as Tangier disease.
Test Purpose:
- Evaluate the risk of heart disease caused by cholesterol buildup in the arteries.
- Aid in the detection of genetic disorders affecting lipid metabolism, such as Tangier disease.
- Monitor the effectiveness of lipid-altering therapies.
- Assess individuals with a family history of coronary artery disease or other risk factors.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic- ApoA1, Mayo Clinic- ApoA1 and B, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) is a protein found in low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and others. It plays a key role in transporting cholesterol and fats (lipids) in the blood and is considered a strong marker of cardiovascular risk.
Test purpose: An Apo B test is used to assess heart disease risk and lipid metabolism. High Apo B levels may indicate high LDL cholesterol, increased risk of heart disease, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes.
- Evaluate LDL cholesterol levels and heart disease risk.
- Monitor cholesterol-lowering treatments (e.g., statins, lifestyle changes).
- Detect lipid disorders and inherited high cholesterol conditions (e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia).
- Assess risk for atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries), stroke, and heart attacks.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Muscle Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Arginine is an amino acid, a building block of proteins. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning human body can make some of it, but needs extra from food during certain times, like growth, stress, or illness. Foods rich in arginine include meat, fish, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Arginine is important for making nitric oxide, a molecule that helps relax blood vessels, improving blood flow and supporting heart health. It also plays a role in wound healing, muscle health, immune function, and removing waste products (ammonia) from the body.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect metabolic conditions, evaluate cardiovascular health, and assess nutritional or immune status, especially during stress or recovery.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Asymmetric dimethylarginine is a compound naturally produced in the body as a byproduct of protein metabolism. It helps control blood vessel function and circulation.
Test purpose: A dimethylarginine blood test helps assess cardiovascular disease risk, as high dimethylarginine levels can raise the risk.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Explanation: C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. High CRP levels indicate infection, injury, or chronic disease, making it a key marker for inflammation in the body.
Test purpose:
- Detect acute infections (e.g., bacterial or viral infections).
- Monitor chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease).
- Assess heart disease risk or cardiac inflammation
- Track recovery from surgery or illness
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in energy production by transporting fatty acids into cells’ powerhouses (mitochondria), where they are burned for fuel. Carnitine is especially important for heart and muscles, which need lots of energy to function properly. The body makes carnitine in the liver and kidneys, but it can also be obtained through foods like meat, fish, and dairy.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies or metabolic conditions, evaluate symptoms like fatigue or muscle weakness, and guide treatments to restore energy balance.
- Detect carnitine deficiency: Low carnitine levels can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood sugar, or heart problems.
- Monitor kidney and liver function: These organs are responsible for making and regulating carnitine, so abnormalities may signal dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, NIH, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Chloride is an essential electrolyte that helps maintain proper fluid balance, blood pressure, proper nerve and muscle function and acid-base balance in the body. It works closely with sodium and other electrolytes to regulate the amount of fluid inside and outside cells. Chloride is also a key component of stomach acid, which aids in digestion. Chloride is typically obtained through dietary salt (sodium chloride) and is excreted by the kidneys.
Test Purpose: The chloride blood test is used to evaluate the body's electrolyte balance and detect conditions that may affect kidneys, heart, or lungs. It is included with other markers to detect:
- Dehydration or overhydration
- Kidney disease or dysfunction
- Heart failure
- Liver disease
- High blood pressure
- Acid-base imbalances in the blood.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is known as “good” cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the blood and arteries, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Test purpose: An HDL test is used to assess cardiovascular health and cholesterol balance. High HDL levels (Good) are generally beneficial, as it helps protect against heart disease. Low HDL levels (Bad) increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes).
- Determine heart disease and stroke risk.
- Evaluate cholesterol levels as part of a routine lipid panel.
- Monitor the effectiveness of lifestyle changes or cholesterol-lowering treatments.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Cholesterol is a fat-like substance found in every cell of the body. It is essential for hormone production, vitamin D synthesis, and cell membrane structure. While the liver produces cholesterol, it is also obtained from animal-based foods. Cholesterol is carried in the blood by lipoproteins, including LDL (“bad” cholesterol) and HDL (“good” cholesterol). LDL cholesterol can build up in artery walls, potentially leading to blockages while HDL cholesterol picks up excess cholesterol from arteries and taking it back to liver for disposal.
Test purpose: High cholesterol may indicate increased risk of heart disease, atherosclerosis, or metabolic disorders. A cholesterol blood test (part of a lipid panel) helps assess:
- Heart disease and stroke risk, by measuring LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol.
- Lipid metabolism disorders, which affect how the body processes fats.
- Effectiveness of diet, lifestyle, or cholesterol-lowering treatments (e.g., statins).
- Liver and metabolic health, since cholesterol is processed by the liver.
Desirable values are less than 200 mg/dL, as they indicate a lower risk of heart disease.
Values between 200 mg/dL to 239 mg/dL are borderline high, and they indicate a moderate risk requiring lifestyle changes.
Values greater than 240 mg/dL are high and indicate increased risk of heart disease possibly requiring treatment.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: The Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio is a key indicator of heart disease risk. It compares the total amount of cholesterol to HDL (“good” cholesterol), which helps remove excess cholesterol from arteries. A lower ratio is better, indicating a healthier balance of cholesterol. Since cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, this ratio also provides an indicator of liver health.
Test purpose: This ratio is used to:
- Assess cardiovascular risk more accurately than total cholesterol alone.
- Predict the likelihood of heart disease and stroke.
- Monitor cholesterol levels and effectiveness of lifestyle changes or medications.
An ideal ratio is less than 3.5 which indicates a low risk of heart disease.
Ratios of 3.5 to 5.0 are associated with a moderate risk of heart disease and lifestyle changes may be recommended.
Ratios above 5.0 are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and treatment may be needed.
Other information about this test: Johns Hopkins, University of Rochester Medical Center
Cardiovascular Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Citrulline is an amino acid which can be synthesized by the body. Unlike other amino acids, it isn’t used to build proteins. Instead, citrulline plays a key role in removing ammonia, a waste product, from the body and helps in producing nitric oxide, which improves blood flow and supports heart and muscle health. It’s also found in foods like watermelon.
Test purpose:
- Detect conditions like citrullinemia: High blood citrulline levels are a hallmark of this condition.
- Athletic Performance: Citrulline supplementation is known for its positive effects on exercise performance and recovery.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Corticosterone is a hormone produced by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). It plays an important role in helping the body respond to stress and regulate energy, blood pressure, inflammation, and immune system.
Test purpose: Evaluate adrenal gland function: To check if the adrenal glands are producing the right amount of hormones. This test may be part of broader hormone testing for issues like fatigue, weight changes, or blood pressure problems.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Cortisol is a steroid hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys), and often called the "stress hormone" because the body releases it when it's under stress. Cortisol helps the body manage stress, regulate blood sugar levels, control blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and balance the sleep-wake cycle. It also provides energy by breaking down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Test purpose:
- Detect adrenal malfunctions: Such as Cushing’s syndrome (too much cortisol) or Addison’s disease (too little cortisol); investigate symptoms: Like fatigue, weight gain, weight loss, low blood pressure, or unusual sleep patterns.
- Assess stress response: Abnormal cortisol levels can reflect how well the body is handling physical or emotional stress. Cortisol is measured to assess the stress of physical training on the body, potentially indicating overtraining.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Cortisone is a hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). Cortisone is converted to cortisol, which is a stress hormone that helps control inflammation and blood pressure, regulate the immune system, and manage the body's response to stress. Cortisone can also be made as a medication to treat inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, or allergies because of its ability to reduce swelling and pain.
Test purpose:
- Detect adrenal malfunctions: Such as Cushing’s syndrome (too much cortisone/cortisol) or Addison’s disease (too little cortisone/cortisol)
- Investigate symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, weight loss, low blood pressure, or unusual sleep patterns.
- Assess stress response: Abnormal cortisone/cortisol levels can reflect how well the body is handling physical or emotional stress.
Other information about this test: ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for brain function, heart health, and eye development. It is found in fatty fish (e.g., salmon, tuna), fish oil supplements, and algae. DHA is crucial for neuronal communication, reducing inflammation, and supporting cognitive function.
Test purpose: A DHA blood test helps assess:
- Brain and cognitive health, as DHA is essential for improved cognition.
- Cardiovascular risk, since DHA helps lower inflammation and improve heart function.
- Pregnancy and fetal development, as DHA is critical for brain and eye formation in babies.
- Dietary intake assessment, particularly in the context of omega-3/omega-6 balance, which affects inflammation and overall health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic. ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Docosanoic acid (behenic acid) is a saturated fatty acid found in peanut oil, canola oil, and some plant-based fats. It plays a role in cell membrane structure, lipid metabolism, and skin hydration. Behenic acid is also used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations for its moisturizing properties.
Test purpose: A docosanoic acid blood test helps assess nutritional status, and diet monitoring; cardiovascular health, as changes in saturated fatty acid levels may impact heart disease risk.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid primarily found in fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), fish oil supplements, and algae. It plays a vital role in reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, and improving brain function.
Test purpose: An EPA blood test helps assess:
- Cardiovascular health, as EPA helps lower triglycerides, reduce blood clot risk, and support heart function.
- Inflammatory conditions, since EPA has anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for arthritis, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation.
- Omega-3 balance, to evaluate dietary intake and the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids.
- Metabolic and lipid health, particularly in individuals managing high cholesterol, or diabetes.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). It’s released when the body is under stress situation, preparing the body for vigorous action by increasing heart rate, dilating air passages, raising blood sugar for energy, and improving blood flow to the muscles.
Test purpose:
- Detects adrenal gland conditions like pheochromocytoma which can cause excessive epinephrine production.
- Evaluate stress response.
- Doctors often test epinephrine levels if someone has unexplained high blood pressure, heart palpitations, headaches, sweating, or anxiety to determine if hormone imbalances are the cause.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Kidney Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in your blood. It helps determine how well your blood carries oxygen throughout the body.
Test purpose: A hematocrit test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low hematocrit may indicate anemia, blood loss, kidney disease, whereas high hematocrit may suggest dehydration, lung disease, heart disease, or polycythemia vera (a blood disorder).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Explanation: Histamine is a natural chemical that acts like a messenger. It plays a key role in immune response, helping to fight off infections and allergens. It is released by the body in response to allergens or infections like pollen or a bug bites. It causes blood vessels to widen and makes their walls more "leaky", thus lowering blood pressure. Histamine also helps with digestion and communicates with the brain to regulate sleep and wake cycles.
Test purpose: Testing histamine levels helps detect allergic reactions, histamine intolerance, and rare immune-related conditions.
- Detect allergic reactions: High histamine levels can indicate that the body is reacting to allergens, such as pollen, food, or insect stings. Symptoms like flushing, diarrhea, or low blood pressure may be linked to abnormal histamine activity.
- Identify histamine intolerance: Some people have trouble breaking down histamine from foods, leading to symptoms like headaches, flushing, or digestive issues.
- Evaluate mast cell conditions like mastocytosis or mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) cause excessive histamine release, leading to symptoms like rashes, low blood pressure, and breathing problems.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Homo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (HGLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid that plays a role in inflammation regulation and immune function and serves as a precursor to anti-inflammatory prostaglandins, which help balance inflammatory responses.
Test purpose: An HGLA blood test helps assess:
- Inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation.
- Essential fatty acid balance and metabolism.
- Heart health, since imbalances in omega-6 fatty acids can impact cardiovascular risk.
- Dietary and supplement effectiveness in individuals taking GLA-rich supplements (e.g., evening primrose oil).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Homocysteine is an amino acid that is produced by the body as part of the metabolism of methionine, another amino acid. Normally, the body quickly breaks down homocysteine into other useful substances with the help of vitamins B6, B12, and folate.
Test purpose:
- Check heart disease risk: High homocysteine levels are linked to damage in blood vessels, which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
- Detect vitamin deficiencies: Low levels of B6, B12, or folate can lead to elevated homocysteine.
- Evaluate unexplained blood clots: High homocysteine can increase the risk of abnormal blood clotting.
- Assess neurological symptoms: Elevated homocysteine may be associated with memory loss, cognitive decline, and conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.
- The test is often ordered if you have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, a family history of heart disease, or symptoms of vitamin deficiencies. Managing homocysteine levels often involves improving diet (more B vitamins) or taking supplements.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential omega-6 fatty acid found in vegetable oils (soybean, sunflower, corn), nuts, and seeds. It is crucial for cell membrane function, skin health, and inflammation, blood flow, and immune responses regulation. Since the body cannot produce linoleic acid, it must be obtained from the diet. While necessary for health, excessive intake relative to omega-3 fatty acids can contribute to inflammation.
Test purpose: A linoleic acid blood test helps assess:
- Essential fatty acid status, since LA is crucial for cellular and metabolic health.
- Cardiovascular health, as LA influences cholesterol levels and heart disease risk.
- Inflammatory balance, omega-6 to omega-3 ratios.
- Skin and hair health, since LA deficiency can lead to dry skin, hair loss, and poor wound healing.
- Dietary fat intake and metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Norepinephrine also known as noradrenaline, is a hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys) and certain nerve cells. It helps the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. It works alongside epinephrine (adrenaline) to trigger the “fight-or-flight” response, preparing the body to act quickly in emergencies.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect adrenal conditions, stress-related conditions, and autonomic nervous system problems.
- Evaluate symptoms of high stress hormones: Such as high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweating, headaches, and anxiety.
- Investigate chronic fatigue or low blood pressure: Low norepinephrine levels may cause fatigue, dizziness, or trouble regulating blood pressure.
- Imbalances in norepinephrine are linked to conditions like Parkinson’s disease or mood issues such as depression.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in olive oil, avocados, nuts, and animal fats. It is known for its heart-healthy benefits, helping to reduce LDL cholesterol, support brain function, and lower inflammation. Unlike omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, oleic acid is not essential, as the body can synthesize it.
Test purpose: An oleic acid blood test helps assess:
- Cardiovascular health, since oleic acid influences cholesterol levels.
- Lipid metabolism and fat balance.
- Inflammatory response, as oleic acid helps reduce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.
- Brain and cognitive function, since it plays a role in neuronal protection and mental health.
- Nutritional status and dietary fat intake, ensuring a healthy balance of monounsaturated fats in the diet.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Antioxidant Levels
Cardiovascular Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Taurine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce naturally, and also obtain from foods like meat, fish, and dairy. Taurine is like a multitasker in the body, helping with everything from keeping the heart and brain in shape to regulating heart rhythm to protecting cells from harmful substances called free radicals to regulating hydration, maintain electrolyte balance and support digestion.
Test purpose: Detect low taurine levels which may occur in people with malnutrition or certain restrictive diets.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Thyroxine (T4) is a hormone made by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck. It plays a critical role in regulating metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and digestion, and it supports proper growth and development. After T4 is released, it gets converted into another hormone called triiodothyronine (T3), which is the active form that the body uses.
Test purpose: Testing T4 levels helps detect and manage thyroid-related conditions like hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or thyroid nodules: Evaluate symptoms like fatigue, weight changes, rapid heartbeat, hair loss, or mood changes.
- Monitor thyroid treatment: For people taking thyroid medications, this test helps ensure the treatment is working properly.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic (T4 total), Mayo Clinic (T4 free), Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories: Free, ARUP Laboratories: Total, Johns Hopkins (T4 Free), Johns Hopkins (T4 Total)
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) in the blood that store energy from excess calories. They are made in the liver and come from foods high in fat and carbohydrates. High triglyceride levels can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and pancreatitis.
Test purpose: A triglyceride test is part of a lipid panel used to:
- Assess heart disease and stroke risk.
- Monitor metabolic health and diabetes risk.
- Detect pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).
- Evaluate the effectiveness of diet, exercise, or cholesterol-lowering treatments.
Normal values are less than 150 mg/dL which correspond to low heart disease risk.
Borderline high values are between 150 to 199 mg/dL which corresponds to a moderate heart disease risk.
High values are between 200 to 499 mg/dL which corresponds to an increased risk of heart disease and pancreatitis.
Very high values are 500 mg/dL or higher which correspond to high risk of pancreatitis and urgent treatment may be needed.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Triiodothyronine (T3) is a hormone made by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck. It plays an important role in regulating metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and overall energy levels. While some T3 is made directly by the thyroid, most of it comes from the conversion of another thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4), into T3.
Test purpose: Testing T3 levels helps detect and manage thyroid conditions.
- Detect thyroid conditions such as hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), or other thyroid problems: Evaluate symptoms of thyroid imbalance: Symptoms like rapid heartbeat, weight changes, fatigue, sweating, or mood swings may be linked to abnormal T3 levels.
- Differentiate thyroid conditions: In some cases, T3 may be elevated even if T4 levels are normal, helping to identify specific types of thyroid disorders like T3 toxicosis.
- Monitor thyroid treatment: For people on thyroid medication or treatment, T3 levels can indicate if the therapy is working effectively.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic (T3 total), Mayo Clinic (T3 free), UCLA Health, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories (T3 total), ARUP Laboratories (T3 free)
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Adenine is one of the components of DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information. Adenine is also part of molecules like ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main energy source for cells in the body to function.
Test purpose: Assess cellular health and energy metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is created when ATP (the body’s primary energy molecule) releases some energy to power cells. ADP can be recharged back into ATP as part of the energy cycle. ADP also helps platelets (blood cells responsible for clotting) stick together. It is also the material for the body to create proteins and carry genetic information.
Test purpose: Assess energy production and metabolism and platelet function as well as cell health.
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a basic energy molecule in the body. AMP is created when the body uses up energy from ATP (the main energy source) or ADP, and it signals the cells that more energy needs to be produced. It also plays a role in other processes like cell communication and metabolism. It is also the material for the body to create proteins and carry genetic information.
Test purpose: Assess energy metabolism and cell signaling as well as cell health.
Cardiovascular Health
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Asymmetric dimethylarginine is a compound naturally produced in the body as a byproduct of protein metabolism. It helps control blood vessel function and circulation.
Test purpose: A dimethylarginine blood test helps assess cardiovascular disease risk, as high dimethylarginine levels can raise the risk.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid comes from the breakdown of thymine, a component of DNA, which carries genetic information. It is released during exercise and has been shown to help with fat burning and regulates insulin.
Test purpose:
- Elevated or low levels can reflect how the body is breaking down proteins and fats, relevant in conditions like obesity or diabetes.
- Evaluate exercise response: Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid is released during physical activity, so it can indicate how well the body is adapting to exercise.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a small molecule that acts as a messenger inside cells. It helps relay signals from hormones and other substances outside the cell to the inside, telling the cell how to respond. cAMP plays a major role in regulating processes like energy production, breaking down fats, controlling the effects of hormones like adrenaline and as an indicator of hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Test purpose:
- Evaluate hormone-related conditions: Abnormal cAMP levels can indicate problems with hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH), which affects calcium levels. This test is often used to investigate conditions where hormone signaling might be disrupted or when calcium and electrolyte imbalances are present.
- Monitor metabolic activity: To evaluate how cells are responding to hormones that regulate energy, fat breakdown, and sugar metabolism.
Antioxidant Levels
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Cysteine is an amino acid, a building block of proteins. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning human body can make some of it, but needs extra from foods like eggs, meat, and some grains. Cysteine helps build proteins, supports antioxidant defenses, and plays a role in detoxification.
Test purpose: A cysteine blood test helps assess:
- Nutritional status, particularly in people with malabsorption disorders or protein deficiencies.
- Oxidative stress and antioxidant balance, since cysteine is essential for glutathione production.
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Cytidine is a building block of RNA, which is like a working copy of the genetic code that helps the body make proteins. It plays an important role in helping cells grow, repair, and carry out their functions. Cytidine is also involved in brain health, energy production, and metabolism.
Test purpose: Monitor dietary or supplement effects: Cytidine can come from foods or supplements.
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) is a building block of RNA, which is a molecule that helps the body create proteins and carry out genetic information. It’s important for cell growth, energy production, and repair processes.
Test purpose: Assess cellular health.
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is an energy-carrying molecule and a key building block for RNA, which helps the cells make proteins. It can also participate in energy transfer reactions, although ATP is more commonly utilized for this purpose.
Test purpose: Assess cellular health.
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Cytosine is one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the molecules that store and carry genetic information.
Test purpose: Assess DNA synthesis and repair.
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) is a building block of DNA, the molecule that carries genetic information in the cells. It helps the body make and repair DNA, which is essential for growth, cell division, and maintenance.
Test purpose: Assess DNA synthesis and repair.
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) is one of the building blocks of DNA, the molecule that carries genetic information in the cells. It helps the body make and repair DNA, which is essential for growth, cell division, and maintenance.
Explanation: Assess DNA synthesis and repair.
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Deoxyguanosine is a building block of DNA. It plays an essential role in DNA replication, repair, and maintaining genetic information.
Test purpose: Assess DNA synthesis and repair.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Deoxyinosine is an intermediate molecule involved in DNA repair and metabolism. Deoxyinosine is not a normal part of healthy DNA, but it can result from oxidative stress.
Test purpose: Elevated levels may indicate oxidative stress or damage to DNA. Accumulation of deoxyinosine in DNA without repair can contribute to genetic mutations and has been linked to aging and other diseases.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Deoxythymidine is a building block of DNA. It plays an essential role in DNA replication, repair, and maintaining genetic information.
Test purpose: Evaluate DNA synthesis and repair: Abnormal levels can indicate DNA components are not broken down or processed correctly.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Deoxyuridine is an intermediate molecule involved in DNA repair or synthesis. It is not a regular part of healthy DNA but it can arise from misincorporation during DNA replication.
Test purpose: Evaluate DNA synthesis and repair.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Deoxyuridine monophosphate is an intermediate molecule involved in DNA repair or synthesis. Its presence in DNA, if not corrected, can lead to mutations.
Test purpose: Evaluate DNA synthesis and repair.
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Dihydroorotic acid is an intermediate molecule involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. These molecules help cells grow, repair, and function properly.
Test purpose: Evaluate DNA synthesis and repair.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Dihydrothymine is an intermediate molecule involved in DNA metabolism.
Test purpose: Evaluate DNA breakdown: Elevated levels of dihydrothymine may indicate an impaired DNA degradation process.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Dihydrouracil is an intermediate molecule involved in RNA metabolism. If this process doesn’t work properly, dihydrouracil can build up in the blood.
Test purpose: Evaluate RNA breakdown: Elevated levels of dihydrouracil may indicate an impaired RNA degradation process.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Dimethylglycine is an amino acid derivative that plays a role in energy production, metabolism, and maintaining healthy cells.
Test purpose: Dimethylglycine is important for amino acid metabolism, energy production, and overall cellular function.
Cell and Tissue Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Guanine is one of the components of DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information. It helps store and transmit the instructions needed by the body to grow, repair, and function.
Test purpose: Guanine is particularly sensitive to damage by free radicals, and this damage can serve as a marker of oxidative stress, which is linked to aging and chronic diseases.
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Guanosine is involved in genetic transferring information. Guanosine helps cells make produce energy, and support important processes like cell growth and communication.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate nucleotide metabolism: Abnormal guanosine levels may indicate issues with how the body makes or breaks down RNA components.
- Assess energy production: Guanosine is involved in producing molecules like GTP (guanosine triphosphate), which provide energy for cells.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Guanosine diphosphate is a molecule that helps human cells store and use energy. It is essential for maintaining the energy cycle and supporting critical cellular processes like growth, repair, and communication. It is also the material for the body to create proteins and carry genetic information.
- Testing its levels can help assess energy metabolism: Abnormal guanosine diphosphate levels can provide insights into how cells produce and use energy. Its levels may also help assess mitochondrial health in metabolic disorders.
- Investigate nucleotide metabolism problems with the breakdown or synthesis of nucleotides.
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) is involved in the synthesis of genetic material necessary for cell function and replication. GMP is also involved in energy transfer within cells.
Test purpose: Guanosine monophosphate is part of pathways that help cells produce and use energy, so its levels can provide insight into metabolic processes.
Cell and Tissue Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Hydroxyproline is a special type of amino acid that is important for making collagen, the main protein in skin, bones, tendons, muscles and connective tissues. Collagen provides structure and strength to these parts of the body, helping to keep them strong and flexible. When collagen is broken down, hydroxyproline is released into the blood and urine.
Test purpose: Testing for hydroxyproline helps doctors evaluate how well collagen is being produced or broken down, which is crucial for understanding the health of bones, skin, and connective tissues. It can also help detect bone loss, connective tissue damage, or metabolic imbalances.
- Assess collagen breakdown: High levels in the blood or urine may suggest excessive collagen breakdown, which can occur in bone or connective tissue conditions.
- Detect bone conditions like osteoporosis (weak bones) or Paget’s disease can cause elevated hydroxyproline levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a compound produced when gut bacteria break down the amino acid tryptophan.
Test Purpose: Evaluate gut microbiota activity, as IAA levels can reflect the metabolic activity of intestinal bacteria.
Antioxidant Levels
Cell and Tissue Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Indole-3-propionate (IPA) is a compound produced by certain gut bacteria during the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan. It acts as a potent antioxidant, helping to neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Additionally, IPA is shown to exert neuroprotective effects and possesses anti-amyloid properties, aiding in the prevention of neuronal death.
Test Purpose:
- Check gut health.
- Evaluate antioxidant status, since IPA contributes to neutralizing harmful free radicals in the body.
- Evaluate neurological health, given IPA's neuroprotective effects.
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Inosine monophosphate (IMP) is a molecule that acts as a building block for DNA and RNA. It’s also involved in making energy for cells and helping them function properly.
Test purpose: While IMP itself isn't an energy carrier, its conversion into AMP and GMP contributes to the formation of ATP and GTP, key energy currencies in cells.
Cell and Tissue Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Orotic acid is a substance made by the body naturally during the process of DNA and RNA metabolism. Orotic acid is normally broken down and used by the body, but when there’s too much of it, it can build up in the body and signal problems with how the body processes proteins or if there is a problem with liver function.
Test purpose:
- Testing helps detect conditions like urea cycle disorders.
- Evaluate liver function: Abnormal orotic acid levels may reflect liver diseases or dysfunction, as the liver plays a key role in processing it.
Cell and Tissue Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Phosphoethanolamine (PEA) is involved in cell membrane formation, brain function, and lipid metabolism. It also plays a key role in bone mineralization.
Test purpose: A phosphoethanolamine blood test helps assess:
- Metabolic disorders, such as hypophosphatasia (a rare bone disorder affecting mineralization).
- Cell membrane and lipid metabolism balance, particularly in conditions affecting brain and muscle function.
Other information about this test: UCSF Health, Mount Sinai
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Thymine is one of the building blocks of DNA, the molecule that stores and carries genetic information. Thymine is essential to make and repair DNA, which is critical for cell growth, division, and overall health.
Test purpose: Evaluating DNA synthesis and repair: Thymine is crucial for DNA production, so imbalances might point to problems with DNA replication or cell division.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Explanation: Uracil is a building block of RNA, which helps the body make proteins, needed for growth, repair, and other essential functions.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps identify metabolic conditions and rare genetic conditions, like dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency (where the body cannot properly break down uracil and thymine) and orotic aciduria, a rare genetic disorder where uracil and orotic acid accumulate.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Uridine is a molecule that plays an important role in the body’s RNA production, which helps make proteins needed for growth and repair. It is one of the building blocks of RNA.
Test purpose: Investigate energy production issues: Uridine is involved in forming UTP (uridine triphosphate), which is important for energy storage and transfer.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Uridine diphosphate (UDP) is a molecule that the body uses to make RNA and other important substances. It plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism and cell membranes, which are essential for energy production and cell repair. UDP acts as a "helper molecule" in many processes, like the formation of glycogen (the body’s storage energy) and creating substances that support brain and liver function.
Test purpose: Testing its levels is typically part of specialized panels to understand metabolic conditions affecting carbohydrate processing or energy use.
Cell and Tissue Health
Kidney Health
Explanation: Xanthine is a natural substance that forms when the body breaks down DNA or RNA, and energy molecules like ATP. It’s an intermediate step in the process of creating uric acid, which the kidneys filter out through urine.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps diagnose rare metabolic disorders, evaluate kidney health, and understand conditions like gout or kidney stones. It’s particularly useful in identifying enzyme deficiencies or issues with purine metabolism.
- Detect xanthinuria: A rare genetic condition where the body lacks the enzyme needed to convert xanthine to uric acid, leading to xanthine buildup and potential kidney stones.
- Evaluate kidney function: High xanthine levels can contribute to kidney problems, such as xanthine kidney stones, and indicate impaired waste removal.
- Support gout detection: Since xanthine is a precursor to uric acid, testing may help understand purine metabolism in cases of gout or hyperuricemia (high uric acid levels).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is known as “bad” cholesterol because it can build up in artery walls, leading to plaque formation, narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis), and an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
Test purpose: Calculated LDL cholesterol provides a practical, widely available method for assessing cardiovascular risk and managing lipid disorders. High LDL levels increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and artery blockages. Low LDL levels are generally beneficial.
- Assess heart disease and stroke risk.
- Monitor high cholesterol and response to treatment (diet, medication, lifestyle changes).
- Detect familial hypercholesterolemia (genetic high cholesterol).
- Evaluate lipid disorders in people with metabolic syndrome or diabetes.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Lipoprotein (a), or Lp(a), is a type of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, also known as bad cholesterol) that carries cholesterol in the blood. Lipoprotein (a) creates plaques in the blood vessels reducing blood flow through arteries. Its levels are primarily determined by genetics and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes. Unlike other cholesterol markers, Lp(a) levels remain relatively stable over a lifetime and are not significantly affected by lifestyle changes.
Test Purpose:
- Assess inherited risk for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke.
- Elevated Lipoprotein (a) often presents without symptoms, but in cases of extremely high levels, Lipoprotein (a) apheresis may be considered to lower its concentration in the blood.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Acetoacetate is a type of ketone, which is a substance the body makes when it burns fat for energy instead of using carbohydrates. This can happen during fasting, following a low-carb diet, or if the body isn’t getting enough insulin, as in diabetes.
Test purpose:
- Monitor ketone levels: Especially in people with diabetes, to detect a serious condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, where ketone levels become dangerously high.
- Check metabolic state: For people on ketogenic diets or fasting, to see if the body is effectively burning fat for energy.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is the primary protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), often referred to as "good cholesterol." ApoA1 plays a critical role in reverse cholesterol transport, a process where cholesterol is removed from tissues and transported to the liver for excretion. Higher levels of ApoA1 are associated with a lower risk of heart disease caused by cholesterol buildup in the arteries. Conversely, low levels may indicate an increased risk (especially in the presence of an elevated apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) level) and can be associated with certain genetic conditions, such as Tangier disease.
Test Purpose:
- Evaluate the risk of heart disease caused by cholesterol buildup in the arteries.
- Aid in the detection of genetic disorders affecting lipid metabolism, such as Tangier disease.
- Monitor the effectiveness of lipid-altering therapies.
- Assess individuals with a family history of coronary artery disease or other risk factors.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic- ApoA1, Mayo Clinic- ApoA1 and B, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) is a protein found in low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and others. It plays a key role in transporting cholesterol and fats (lipids) in the blood and is considered a strong marker of cardiovascular risk.
Test purpose: An Apo B test is used to assess heart disease risk and lipid metabolism. High Apo B levels may indicate high LDL cholesterol, increased risk of heart disease, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes.
- Evaluate LDL cholesterol levels and heart disease risk.
- Monitor cholesterol-lowering treatments (e.g., statins, lifestyle changes).
- Detect lipid disorders and inherited high cholesterol conditions (e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia).
- Assess risk for atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries), stroke, and heart attacks.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Beta-Hydroxybutyrate is a type of ketone body, a molecule produced when the body burns fat for energy instead of carbohydrates. This usually happens during fasting, a low-carb diet (like the keto diet), or when the body lacks insulin, such as in diabetes. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate acts as an alternative fuel source for the brain, muscles, and other tissues when glucose (sugar) is low.
Test purpose:
- Monitor ketosis: To check if the body is effectively burning fat for energy during fasting, ketogenic diets, or prolonged exercise. Helps identify issues where fat breakdown and ketone production are abnormal.
- Detect and monitor diabetic ketoacidosis: A serious complication of diabetes where high ketone levels can make the blood acidic.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in energy production by transporting fatty acids into cells’ powerhouses (mitochondria), where they are burned for fuel. Carnitine is especially important for heart and muscles, which need lots of energy to function properly. The body makes carnitine in the liver and kidneys, but it can also be obtained through foods like meat, fish, and dairy.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies or metabolic conditions, evaluate symptoms like fatigue or muscle weakness, and guide treatments to restore energy balance.
- Detect carnitine deficiency: Low carnitine levels can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood sugar, or heart problems.
- Monitor kidney and liver function: These organs are responsible for making and regulating carnitine, so abnormalities may signal dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, NIH, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is known as “good” cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the blood and arteries, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Test purpose: An HDL test is used to assess cardiovascular health and cholesterol balance. High HDL levels (Good) are generally beneficial, as it helps protect against heart disease. Low HDL levels (Bad) increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes).
- Determine heart disease and stroke risk.
- Evaluate cholesterol levels as part of a routine lipid panel.
- Monitor the effectiveness of lifestyle changes or cholesterol-lowering treatments.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Cholesterol is a fat-like substance found in every cell of the body. It is essential for hormone production, vitamin D synthesis, and cell membrane structure. While the liver produces cholesterol, it is also obtained from animal-based foods. Cholesterol is carried in the blood by lipoproteins, including LDL (“bad” cholesterol) and HDL (“good” cholesterol). LDL cholesterol can build up in artery walls, potentially leading to blockages while HDL cholesterol picks up excess cholesterol from arteries and taking it back to liver for disposal.
Test purpose: High cholesterol may indicate increased risk of heart disease, atherosclerosis, or metabolic disorders. A cholesterol blood test (part of a lipid panel) helps assess:
- Heart disease and stroke risk, by measuring LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol.
- Lipid metabolism disorders, which affect how the body processes fats.
- Effectiveness of diet, lifestyle, or cholesterol-lowering treatments (e.g., statins).
- Liver and metabolic health, since cholesterol is processed by the liver.
Desirable values are less than 200 mg/dL, as they indicate a lower risk of heart disease.
Values between 200 mg/dL to 239 mg/dL are borderline high, and they indicate a moderate risk requiring lifestyle changes.
Values greater than 240 mg/dL are high and indicate increased risk of heart disease possibly requiring treatment.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: The Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio is a key indicator of heart disease risk. It compares the total amount of cholesterol to HDL (“good” cholesterol), which helps remove excess cholesterol from arteries. A lower ratio is better, indicating a healthier balance of cholesterol. Since cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, this ratio also provides an indicator of liver health.
Test purpose: This ratio is used to:
- Assess cardiovascular risk more accurately than total cholesterol alone.
- Predict the likelihood of heart disease and stroke.
- Monitor cholesterol levels and effectiveness of lifestyle changes or medications.
An ideal ratio is less than 3.5 which indicates a low risk of heart disease.
Ratios of 3.5 to 5.0 are associated with a moderate risk of heart disease and lifestyle changes may be recommended.
Ratios above 5.0 are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and treatment may be needed.
Other information about this test: Johns Hopkins, University of Rochester Medical Center
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for brain function, heart health, and eye development. It is found in fatty fish (e.g., salmon, tuna), fish oil supplements, and algae. DHA is crucial for neuronal communication, reducing inflammation, and supporting cognitive function.
Test purpose: A DHA blood test helps assess:
- Brain and cognitive health, as DHA is essential for improved cognition.
- Cardiovascular risk, since DHA helps lower inflammation and improve heart function.
- Pregnancy and fetal development, as DHA is critical for brain and eye formation in babies.
- Dietary intake assessment, particularly in the context of omega-3/omega-6 balance, which affects inflammation and overall health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic. ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Docosanoic acid (behenic acid) is a saturated fatty acid found in peanut oil, canola oil, and some plant-based fats. It plays a role in cell membrane structure, lipid metabolism, and skin hydration. Behenic acid is also used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations for its moisturizing properties.
Test purpose: A docosanoic acid blood test helps assess nutritional status, and diet monitoring; cardiovascular health, as changes in saturated fatty acid levels may impact heart disease risk.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid primarily found in fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), fish oil supplements, and algae. It plays a vital role in reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, and improving brain function.
Test purpose: An EPA blood test helps assess:
- Cardiovascular health, as EPA helps lower triglycerides, reduce blood clot risk, and support heart function.
- Inflammatory conditions, since EPA has anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for arthritis, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation.
- Omega-3 balance, to evaluate dietary intake and the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids.
- Metabolic and lipid health, particularly in individuals managing high cholesterol, or diabetes.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid found in evening primrose oil, borage oil, and black currant seed oil. GLA has anti-inflammatory properties and is used by the body to produce prostaglandins, which help regulate inflammation, immune function, and skin health.
Test purpose: A GLA blood test helps assess nutritional status, and diet monitoring.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Glutarylcarnitine (C5DC) is involved in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
Test purpose: A glutarylcarnitine blood test helps assess nutritional status and monitor diet; it also detects fatty acid oxidation disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Glycerol is a simple sugar alcohol that forms the backbone of triglycerides which are the main constituents of body fat. When the body breaks down stored fat for energy, glycerol is released into the bloodstream.
Test Purpose:
- Assess fat metabolism, as elevated glycerol levels may indicate increased breakdown of triglycerides.
- Evaluate liver function, since the liver plays a key role in metabolizing glycerol.
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Homo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (HGLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid that plays a role in inflammation regulation and immune function and serves as a precursor to anti-inflammatory prostaglandins, which help balance inflammatory responses.
Test purpose: An HGLA blood test helps assess:
- Inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation.
- Essential fatty acid balance and metabolism.
- Heart health, since imbalances in omega-6 fatty acids can impact cardiovascular risk.
- Dietary and supplement effectiveness in individuals taking GLA-rich supplements (e.g., evening primrose oil).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential omega-6 fatty acid found in vegetable oils (soybean, sunflower, corn), nuts, and seeds. It is crucial for cell membrane function, skin health, and inflammation, blood flow, and immune responses regulation. Since the body cannot produce linoleic acid, it must be obtained from the diet. While necessary for health, excessive intake relative to omega-3 fatty acids can contribute to inflammation.
Test purpose: A linoleic acid blood test helps assess:
- Essential fatty acid status, since LA is crucial for cellular and metabolic health.
- Cardiovascular health, as LA influences cholesterol levels and heart disease risk.
- Inflammatory balance, omega-6 to omega-3 ratios.
- Skin and hair health, since LA deficiency can lead to dry skin, hair loss, and poor wound healing.
- Dietary fat intake and metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in olive oil, avocados, nuts, and animal fats. It is known for its heart-healthy benefits, helping to reduce LDL cholesterol, support brain function, and lower inflammation. Unlike omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, oleic acid is not essential, as the body can synthesize it.
Test purpose: An oleic acid blood test helps assess:
- Cardiovascular health, since oleic acid influences cholesterol levels.
- Lipid metabolism and fat balance.
- Inflammatory response, as oleic acid helps reduce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.
- Brain and cognitive function, since it plays a role in neuronal protection and mental health.
- Nutritional status and dietary fat intake, ensuring a healthy balance of monounsaturated fats in the diet.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Propionylcarnitine (C3) is involved in the breakdown of amino acids and fatty acids. Elevated levels can indicate metabolic disorders affecting amino acid and fatty acid metabolism.
Test purpose: A propionylcarnitine blood test helps assess fatty acid oxidation disorders, which affect energy production from fats.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) in the blood that store energy from excess calories. They are made in the liver and come from foods high in fat and carbohydrates. High triglyceride levels can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and pancreatitis.
Test purpose: A triglyceride test is part of a lipid panel used to:
- Assess heart disease and stroke risk.
- Monitor metabolic health and diabetes risk.
- Detect pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).
- Evaluate the effectiveness of diet, exercise, or cholesterol-lowering treatments.
Normal values are less than 150 mg/dL which correspond to low heart disease risk.
Borderline high values are between 150 to 199 mg/dL which corresponds to a moderate heart disease risk.
High values are between 200 to 499 mg/dL which corresponds to an increased risk of heart disease and pancreatitis.
Very high values are 500 mg/dL or higher which correspond to high risk of pancreatitis and urgent treatment may be needed.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Explanation: Vaccenic acid is a trans-fatty acid found in dairy products and animal fats like beef and lamb.
Test purpose: A vaccenic acid blood test helps assess nutritional status, and diet monitoring.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Female Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: 17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys) and by the reproductive glands. It acts as a precursor to make other important hormones like cortisol (which helps manage stress and energy), estrogens and androgens (hormones involved in growth and reproduction).
Test purpose:
- Check the health of the adrenal glands. Abnormal values might mean an increase in size or malfunction of adrenal glands
- Evaluate symptoms of excess androgens: Such as abnormal hair growth, irregular periods, or infertility in women.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Female Health
Explanation: Estradiol (E2) is the primary and most potent form of estrogen in both men and women. It is essential for reproductive health, bone strength, brain function, and cardiovascular health. In women, estradiol regulates the menstrual cycle and ovulation, while in men, it supports sperm production and bone density.
Test purpose: An estradiol blood test helps assess:
- Female reproductive health, including menstrual irregularities, fertility issues, menopause, and ovarian function.
- Hormonal imbalances in both men and women, such as low estrogen levels in menopause or high estrogen in certain conditions.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and estrogen dominance, which can cause irregular cycles and symptoms like weight gain and mood swings.
- Bone health, since estradiol helps maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis.
- Monitoring hormone therapy or medications, such as fertility treatments or hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health
Female Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: 17-Hydroxypregnenolone is a hormone made by the adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys) and by the reproductive glands. It acts as a precursor to make other important hormones like cortisol (which helps manage stress and energy), estrogens and androgens (hormones involved in growth and reproduction).
Test purpose:
- Check the health of the adrenal glands. Abnormal values might mean an increase in size or malfunction of adrenal glands
- Evaluate symptoms of excess androgens: Such as abnormal hair growth, irregular periods, or infertility in women.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Female Health
Explanation: Androstenedione is a steroid hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys), and by the reproductive gland. It acts as a precursor, which means it's a starting material for making other important hormones like testosterone (a male hormone) and estrogen (a female hormone). Both men and women have androstenedione, but the levels vary depending on age, sex, and overall health.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate hormone imbalances: It helps determine the cause of symptoms like irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, or reproductive issues.
- Check the health of the adrenal glands. Abnormal values might mean an increase in size or malfunction of adrenal glands.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratory
Female Health
Explanation: Androsterone is a hormone made in the body as part of the process of breaking down testosterone and other male sex hormones (androgens). While it is considered a weak androgen, it still plays a role in the development of male traits like body hair and muscle mass. Androsterone is also found in small amounts in women, where it contributes to overall hormone balance.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate hormone balance: Abnormal androsterone levels can help identify issues with testosterone or other androgen production.
- Detect adrenal or gonadal conditions: Since androsterone is produced in the adrenal glands and testes (or ovaries in women), abnormal levels may indicate adrenal or gonadal dysfunction.
- Investigate symptoms of hormone imbalance: Such as excessive hair growth (hirsutism) in women or low sex drive in men.
Female Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys), reproductive gland and brain. It serves as a precursor hormone, meaning the body uses it to make other important hormones like androgens and estrogens. DHEA plays a role in energy levels, mood, stress, bone strength, and the development of male and female traits. Its levels naturally decrease as you age.
Test purpose:
- Detect hormone imbalances: High or low levels may indicate conditions like adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Investigate symptoms: Such as excessive hair growth (hirsutism), irregular periods, or infertility; helps identify problems related to the adrenal glands, reproductive health, and hormone production.
- Monitor aging or stress-related changes: Since DHEA levels naturally decline with age, the test may help evaluate age-related conditions.
- For individuals on DHEA supplements, blood tests can monitor hormone levels to ensure they are within a therapeutic range and to adjust dosage if necessary.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Female Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is a form of DHEA, a hormone made by the adrenal glands (small glands on top of the kidneys) and the reproductive gland. DHEA-S is a "precursor hormone", meaning the body uses it to make other hormones like androgens and estrogens. DHEA plays a role in energy levels, mood, stress, bone strength, and the development of male and female traits and reproductive health. DHEA-S levels are highest in early adulthood and naturally decrease as you age.
Test purpose:
- Detect hormone imbalances: High or low levels may indicate conditions like adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Investigate symptoms: Such as excessive hair growth (hirsutism), irregular periods, or infertility; helps identify problems related to the adrenal glands, reproductive health, and hormone production.
- Monitor aging or stress-related changes: Since DHEA levels naturally decline with age, the test may help evaluate age-related conditions.
- For individuals on DHEA supplements, blood tests can monitor hormone levels to ensure they are within a therapeutic range and to adjust dosage if necessary.
Other information about this test:Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Female Health
Explanation: Dihydrotestosterone is a hormone made from testosterone. It’s much stronger than testosterone and is responsible for developing male traits, like a deeper voice and body hair, during puberty. It is also involved in regulating hair growth and prostate health. While dihydrotestosterone is important, too much of it can lead to issues like male pattern baldness or enlarged prostate.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate hair loss: High DHT levels are linked to androgenic alopecia (male or female pattern baldness).
- Assess prostate health: Elevated DHT can contribute to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer.
- Investigate hormone imbalances: Helps detect conditions related to excess or deficient androgens, such as hormonal acne or hirsutism (excessive hair growth in women).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories.
Female Health
Explanation: Estriol is one of the three main types of estrogen, a hormone that helps regulate the female reproductive system. Estriol is especially important during pregnancy because it’s made by the placenta and helps with the development of the baby and the preparation of the mother’s body for childbirth. Outside of pregnancy, estriol levels are typically very low.
Test purpose:
- Testing its levels provides valuable insights into fetal health, helps detect for genetic conditions, and supports safe prenatal care.
- Detect adrenal or hormone imbalances: estriol levels in non-pregnant individuals help assess adrenal or ovarian health.
Other information about this test: Mayo, Quest, McGraw Hill Medical, Labcorp, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Female Health
Explanation: Estrone is one of the three main types of estrogen, a hormone that plays a key role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and other body processes. Estrone is produced primarily in the ovaries in premenopausal women, but after menopause, adipose tissue becomes the main site of its production through the conversion of androstenedione. This conversion also happens in men and children, though in smaller amounts.
Test purpose:
- This test helps doctors understand estrogen balance in the body, particularly in women experiencing menopause, fertility issues, or symptoms of hormone-related conditions.
- Detect hormone imbalances: High or low estrone levels may indicate issues with the ovaries, adrenal glands, or fat tissue.
- Monitor conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): High estrone levels may contribute to symptoms like irregular periods or excessive hair growth.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Female Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Pregnenolone is a hormone produced mainly in the adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys), but also in the liver, brain, and reproductive organs. It acts as the “parent hormone” for many other important hormones, like cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. Pregnenolone plays a critical role in stress response, mood regulation, energy production, and brain function.
Test purpose: Testing its levels can help identify issues with adrenal function, hormone production, or neurological health (memory loss, cognitive decline, or mood disorders like depression). It is particularly useful in cases of unexplained fatigue, hormonal imbalances, low energy, or stress-related symptoms.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Female Health
Explanation: Progesterone is a hormone produced mainly in the ovaries after ovulation (when an egg is released) and in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands. It plays a key role in the menstrual cycle, preparing the uterus for pregnancy by making it a suitable environment for a fertilized egg. If pregnancy occurs, progesterone helps maintain it; if not, progesterone levels drop, triggering a menstrual period. Progesterone also affects the male reproductive health and fertility.
Test purpose: Progesterone is critical for reproductive health, pregnancy maintenance, and regulating the menstrual cycle. Testing progesterone levels is essential for diagnosing infertility, tracking ovulation, monitoring early pregnancy health, and investigating menstrual or hormonal imbalances.
- Confirm ovulation: Helps determine if and when ovulation has occurred during the menstrual cycle.
- Monitor pregnancy: Progesterone levels rise during pregnancy to support the growing baby; low levels may indicate a risk of miscarriage.
- Evaluate menstrual irregularities: Helps determine causes of irregular or absent periods.
- Monitor hormone replacement therapy (HRT): To ensure proper hormone balance in women undergoing treatment for menopause or other hormone-related conditions.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: 1,5-Anhydroglucitol is present in nearly all foods. It drops when blood sugar levels are too high (above 180mg/dL) and goes back to normal levels in about 2 weeks if high blood sugar is no longer present.
Test purpose:
- Monitor short-term blood sugar control: It reflects blood sugar spikes over the past 1-2 weeks.
- Unlike other routine tests related to diabetes (A1c test), this test can detect changes in blood sugar more quickly and accurately when blood sugar levels are too high.
- It helps doctors assess how well blood sugar levels are being controlled and manage treatment plans if applicable.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) is a metabolic product that accumulates when there is a defect in cellular energy production and metabolism. Normally it is present in very low levels in the body. It is primarily linked to certain genetic metabolic disorders. High levels of 2-HG can disrupt cell function and DNA methylation.
Test purpose: A 2-Hydroxyglutarate blood test helps assess metabolic disorders or mitochondrial dysfunction, as elevated 2-HG can indicate problems with energy metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: 2-Ketoglutaric acid is essential for energy production, as it helps convert food into energy for cells. It also plays a crucial role in breaking down amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, and in detoxifying harmful substances in the body.
Test purpose: High or low levels might indicate issues in energy production or amino acid breakdown.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Glucose and Energy Levels
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is the active form of folate, a form of vitamin B9. It helps the body make and repair DNA, produce energy, and create brain chemicals that affect mood and mental function. Folate is also important for forming red blood cells and preventing certain birth defects during pregnancy.
Test purpose:
- Assess folate deficiency: Low levels can cause fatigue, anemia, and other health issues.
- Monitor folate metabolism: For people who may have genetic conditions (like MTHFR gene mutations, which can occur at any age) that affect their ability to process folate from food or supplements.
- Support pregnancy health: Ensuring adequate levels of folate is vital for fetal development.
Other information about this test: Synnovis, Mayo Clinic
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Acetoacetate is a type of ketone, which is a substance the body makes when it burns fat for energy instead of using carbohydrates. This can happen during fasting, following a low-carb diet, or if the body isn’t getting enough insulin, as in diabetes.
Test purpose:
- Monitor ketone levels: Especially in people with diabetes, to detect a serious condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, where ketone levels become dangerously high.
- Check metabolic state: For people on ketogenic diets or fasting, to see if the body is effectively burning fat for energy.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Adenine is one of the components of DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information. Adenine is also part of molecules like ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main energy source for cells in the body to function.
Test purpose: Assess cellular health and energy metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is created when ATP (the body’s primary energy molecule) releases some energy to power cells. ADP can be recharged back into ATP as part of the energy cycle. ADP also helps platelets (blood cells responsible for clotting) stick together. It is also the material for the body to create proteins and carry genetic information.
Test purpose: Assess energy production and metabolism and platelet function as well as cell health.
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a basic energy molecule in the body. AMP is created when the body uses up energy from ATP (the main energy source) or ADP, and it signals the cells that more energy needs to be produced. It also plays a role in other processes like cell communication and metabolism. It is also the material for the body to create proteins and carry genetic information.
Test purpose: Assess energy metabolism and cell signaling as well as cell health.
Glucose and Energy Levels
Muscle Health
Explanation: Alanine is an amino acid, which is one of the building blocks the body uses to make proteins. It’s important for muscles, energy production, and helping the body process sugar.
Test purpose: It helps assess metabolic issues and muscle-related health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, University of Rochester Medical Center, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Aspartate is an amino acid, one of the building blocks to make proteins. It plays an important role in energy production, helping the body turn food into energy. Aspartate also supports the nervous system by helping transmit signals between nerve cells and is involved in making other important molecules, like DNA and RNA. Aspartate is also important in the urea cycle for the detoxification of ammonia, converting it into urea for excretion.
Test purpose:
- Liver Function: Elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), an enzyme that uses aspartate, can indicate liver damage or disease, making aspartate indirectly relevant in liver function tests.
- Monitor energy production and metabolic conditions such as urea cycle disorders.
- Monitor nutritional health: To evaluate if there’s an imbalance in amino acid levels, often as part of a broader amino acid panel.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Beta-Hydroxybutyrate is a type of ketone body, a molecule produced when the body burns fat for energy instead of carbohydrates. This usually happens during fasting, a low-carb diet (like the keto diet), or when the body lacks insulin, such as in diabetes. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate acts as an alternative fuel source for the brain, muscles, and other tissues when glucose (sugar) is low.
Test purpose:
- Monitor ketosis: To check if the body is effectively burning fat for energy during fasting, ketogenic diets, or prolonged exercise. Helps identify issues where fat breakdown and ketone production are abnormal.
- Detect and monitor diabetic ketoacidosis: A serious complication of diabetes where high ketone levels can make the blood acidic.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in energy production by transporting fatty acids into cells’ powerhouses (mitochondria), where they are burned for fuel. Carnitine is especially important for heart and muscles, which need lots of energy to function properly. The body makes carnitine in the liver and kidneys, but it can also be obtained through foods like meat, fish, and dairy.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies or metabolic conditions, evaluate symptoms like fatigue or muscle weakness, and guide treatments to restore energy balance.
- Detect carnitine deficiency: Low carnitine levels can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood sugar, or heart problems.
- Monitor kidney and liver function: These organs are responsible for making and regulating carnitine, so abnormalities may signal dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, NIH, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Cis-Aconitic acid is a small molecule that plays a role in producing energy from food.
Test purpose: Detect metabolic conditions that disrupt energy metabolism can cause changes in cis-aconitic acid levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Citric acid is a natural substance found in fruits like lemons and oranges but it's also synthesized in the human body. Citric acid is well-known as the first intermediate in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle or TCA cycle), which is central to energy production in cells by metabolizing carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
Test purpose: Evaluate energy production and monitor nutritional status.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a small molecule that acts as a messenger inside cells. It helps relay signals from hormones and other substances outside the cell to the inside, telling the cell how to respond. cAMP plays a major role in regulating processes like energy production, breaking down fats, controlling the effects of hormones like adrenaline and as an indicator of hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Test purpose:
- Evaluate hormone-related conditions: Abnormal cAMP levels can indicate problems with hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH), which affects calcium levels. This test is often used to investigate conditions where hormone signaling might be disrupted or when calcium and electrolyte imbalances are present.
- Monitor metabolic activity: To evaluate how cells are responding to hormones that regulate energy, fat breakdown, and sugar metabolism.
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Dimethylglycine is an amino acid derivative that plays a role in energy production, metabolism, and maintaining healthy cells.
Test purpose: Dimethylglycine is important for amino acid metabolism, energy production, and overall cellular function.
Glucose and Energy Levels
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Galactose is a type of sugar that comes mainly from lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products. The body breaks lactose into galactose and glucose. Galactose, metabolized in the liver, is then further processed to provide energy or stored for later use. It is an important energy source.
Test purpose:
- Detect galactosemia: is a genetic condition where there's a deficiency in the enzymes needed to metabolize galactose, leading to its accumulation.
- Evaluate liver function: High galactose levels can indicate problems with the liver, as it plays a key role in processing galactose.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Explanation: Glucose is a type of sugar that serves as the primary source of energy for human cells. It's one of the main products of carbohydrate (bread, rice, fruits, and sweets) metabolism and is crucial for various biological processes such as energy production and brain function, as the brain relies heavily on glucose as its primary energy source and it cannot store or produce much glucose on its own.
Test purpose: This test is crucial for detecting and managing conditions like diabetes, monitoring general health, and ensuring the body has enough energy to function properly.
- Check for diabetes: High blood sugar levels may indicate diabetes or pre-diabetes. For people with diabetes, regular testing ensures their glucose levels are managed properly.
- Evaluate symptoms like fatigue or thirst: Unexplained symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue may be linked to abnormal blood sugar levels.
- Check for hypoglycemia: Low glucose levels (hypoglycemia) can cause shakiness, confusion, and dizziness.
- Monitor during fasting or stress: Glucose levels are often tested during fasting or times of stress to see how the body is regulating blood sugar.
Other information about this test: WHO, Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Glucose and Energy Levels
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Glucose-6-phosphate is closely related to glucose, used by the body for energy. It’s the first step in the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy or storing it for later use. Glucose-6-phosphate is essential for providing energy to cells, especially in muscles and the brain, and it also helps manage blood sugar levels.
Test purpose:
- Investigate metabolic conditions: Low or high glucose-6-phosphate levels may indicate problems with glucose metabolism or energy production.
- Detect enzyme deficiencies: Conditions like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, which can cause red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis), are linked to glucose-6-phosphate metabolism.
- Evaluate liver function: Glucose-6-phosphate is involved in glucose storage in the liver, so testing may help assess liver metabolic activity.
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Guanosine is involved in genetic transferring information. Guanosine helps cells make produce energy, and support important processes like cell growth and communication.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate nucleotide metabolism: Abnormal guanosine levels may indicate issues with how the body makes or breaks down RNA components.
- Assess energy production: Guanosine is involved in producing molecules like GTP (guanosine triphosphate), which provide energy for cells.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Guanosine diphosphate is a molecule that helps human cells store and use energy. It is essential for maintaining the energy cycle and supporting critical cellular processes like growth, repair, and communication. It is also the material for the body to create proteins and carry genetic information.
- Testing its levels can help assess energy metabolism: Abnormal guanosine diphosphate levels can provide insights into how cells produce and use energy. Its levels may also help assess mitochondrial health in metabolic disorders.
- Investigate nucleotide metabolism problems with the breakdown or synthesis of nucleotides.
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) is involved in the synthesis of genetic material necessary for cell function and replication. GMP is also involved in energy transfer within cells.
Test purpose: Guanosine monophosphate is part of pathways that help cells produce and use energy, so its levels can provide insight into metabolic processes.
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Lactate is a substance made by the body when it breaks down glucose (sugar) for energy, especially when there's not enough oxygen available. This often happens during intense exercise, or during sickness and the body struggles to deliver oxygen to the cells. Lactate helps the body keep producing energy, but too much of it can build up in the blood and cause a condition called lactic acidosis.
Test purpose: Lactate is a key marker of how well the body is producing energy and whether the tissues are getting enough oxygen. Testing lactate levels helps identify serious medical conditions, monitor critical illnesses, and assess physical performance during exercise as lactate increases with intense exercise.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all of the tissues throughout the body, such as the heart, liver, muscles, kidneys, and red blood cells. It plays a key role in converting sugar into energy within cells. As tissues produce new cells and remove older or "dead" cells, LDH is released into the bloodstream. This normal turnover means there is always some LDH in the blood.
Test Purpose:
- While it is normal to have some LDH in the blood, excessive levels indicate tissue damage or cell breakdown, as seen in conditions like hemolytic anemia, muscle injury or bone fractures.
- Help evaluate and track organ function in diseases affecting the heart, liver, or kidneys.
- High LDL levels don't necessarily mean that something is abnormal in the body, since strenuous exercise and medicines like aspirin and anesthetics may also cause elevated LDH levels.
- Low LDH levels can be an indication of rare genetic conditions like lactate dehydrogenase A deficiency (glycogen storage disease XI) or lactate dehydrogenase B deficiency.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Malic acid is a natural substance found in fruits, especially in apples. It gives fruits their tart taste and plays an important role in energy production, metabolism, and muscle health.
Test purpose: It helps assess metabolism, energy production issues, and monitor conditions involving fatigue or mitochondrial dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a form of Vitamin B3. Nicotinamide helps synthesize NAD, thus playing a critical role in energy production, cellular health and healthy skin, brain, and nerves. Nicotinamide is also important for repairing damaged DNA and supporting the body’s natural defenses against aging and diseases.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, assess nutritional health. Low nicotinamide levels can lead to pellagra, a condition causing symptoms like skin rashes, diarrhea, confusion, and irritability.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is an essential human nutrient needed by the body to turn food into energy. It also helps keep the nervous system, skin, and digestive system healthy. Nicotinic acid is found in foods like meat, fish, nuts, grains, and fortified foods.
Test purpose: Testing for niacin helps, detect deficiencies, monitor supplementation, and ensure proper nutrition, particularly in individuals with malnutrition.
- Evaluate vitamin B3 deficiency and assess its nutritional status: Especially in people with poor diets, alcoholism, or digestive conditions that affect nutrient absorption.
- Investigate neurological symptoms: Adequate levels are necessary for proper brain function, potentially affecting mood and cognition.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic
Glucose and Energy Levels
Muscle Health
Explanation: Pyruvate is a small molecule produced when the body breaks down glucose (sugar) for energy. It is a key part of the process that creates fuel for cells (Krebs Cycle).
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect problems with energy metabolism, particularly in conditions affecting the mitochondria (the “powerhouses” of cells) or the process of breaking down glucose. These disorders can cause symptoms like chronic fatigue, developmental delays, and muscle problems.
- Detect mitochondrial conditions like mitochondrial myopathies which can cause pyruvate buildup.
- Investigate exercise performance and muscle fatigue: Energy metabolism issues often cause symptoms like muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and fatigue.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Succinic acid is a natural substance produced by the body as part of the process of creating energy by converting food into energy in the powerhouses of cells known as mitochondria.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect energy-related conditions, providing insights into overall health and potential underlying imbalances. Abnormal levels may indicate issues with how the cells produce energy, possibly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Uridine is a molecule that plays an important role in the body’s RNA production, which helps make proteins needed for growth and repair. It is one of the building blocks of RNA.
Test purpose: Investigate energy production issues: Uridine is involved in forming UTP (uridine triphosphate), which is important for energy storage and transfer.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Explanation: Uridine diphosphate (UDP) is a molecule that the body uses to make RNA and other important substances. It plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism and cell membranes, which are essential for energy production and cell repair. UDP acts as a "helper molecule" in many processes, like the formation of glycogen (the body’s storage energy) and creating substances that support brain and liver function.
Test purpose: Testing its levels is typically part of specialized panels to understand metabolic conditions affecting carbohydrate processing or energy use.
Glucose and Energy Levels
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin, is an essential vitamin that helps the body convert food into energy. It’s also important for keeping the skin, eyes, and nerves healthy and for supporting the production of red blood cells. Riboflavin is found in foods like milk, eggs, green leafy vegetables, and meat.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies that can cause fatigue, skin problems, and other health issues, ensuring proper treatment or dietary adjustments.
- Detect riboflavin deficiency and monitor nutritional status: Low levels can cause symptoms like cracked lips, sore throat, red or inflamed tongue, and dry skin.
- Evaluate symptoms of fatigue or anemia: Riboflavin is important for making red blood cells, so deficiency can contribute to anemia and low energy.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai
Glucose and Energy Levels
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is an essential vitamin that helps the body convert food into energy. It plays a key role in making fatty acids, hormones, and red blood cells. Vitamin B5 is found in a wide variety of foods, including meat, eggs, dairy, whole grains, avocados, and broccoli, so deficiencies are rare.
Test purpose: While deficiencies are rare, testing can help identify nutritional gaps in people with unexplained fatigue, poor diets, or metabolic concerns.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Pyridoxine is one form of Vitamin B6, an essential vitamin that helps convert food into energy, supports the production of red blood cells that carry oxygen, and plays a key role in making neurotransmitters. Pyridoxine is found in foods like chicken, fish, potatoes, bananas, and fortified cereals. Pyridoxine is transformed into its active form, Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), which the body uses to carry out its functions.
Test purpose: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) is vital for energy production, brain function, and red blood cell formation. Testing B6 levels helps detect deficiencies or toxicities, which can cause neurological problems, fatigue, and other health concerns, ensuring proper detection and treatment.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai
Immune Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: The Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio compares the levels of albumin (a protein made by the liver) to globulins (a group of proteins involved in immune function and transport). It helps assess liver health, kidney function, and immune system activity.
Test purpose: The A/G ratio blood test is used to evaluate:
- Liver function: Low A/G ratio may indicate liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis).
- Kidney function: Imbalances can suggest kidney disease where proteins are lost in urine.
- Immune disorders: A low A/G ratio can be linked to autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, or multiple myeloma.
- Nutritional status: Helps assess protein imbalances in the body.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Muscle Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Arginine is an amino acid, a building block of proteins. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning human body can make some of it, but needs extra from food during certain times, like growth, stress, or illness. Foods rich in arginine include meat, fish, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Arginine is important for making nitric oxide, a molecule that helps relax blood vessels, improving blood flow and supporting heart health. It also plays a role in wound healing, muscle health, immune function, and removing waste products (ammonia) from the body.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect metabolic conditions, evaluate cardiovascular health, and assess nutritional or immune status, especially during stress or recovery.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Basophils are a type of white blood cell that help the immune system respond to infections, allergies, and inflammation. They release histamine and other chemicals that play a role in allergic reactions and defense against pathogens.
Test purpose: A basophil blood test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High basophil count (basophilia) may indicate allergic reactions, infections, inflammatory diseases, or blood disorders.
- Detect allergic reactions (e.g., hay fever, asthma).
- Identify chronic inflammation (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
- Detect myeloproliferative diseases.
- Assess immune system function.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Basophils, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Basophils
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Basophils are a type of white blood cell that help the immune system respond to infections, allergies, and inflammation. They release histamine and other chemicals that play a role in allergic reactions and defense against pathogens.
Test purpose: A basophil blood test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High basophil count (basophilia) may indicate allergic reactions, infections, inflammatory diseases, or blood disorders.
- Detect allergic reactions (e.g., hay fever, asthma).
- Identify chronic inflammation (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
- Detect myeloproliferative diseases.
- Assess immune system function.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Basophils, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Basophils
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Explanation: C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. High CRP levels indicate infection, injury, or chronic disease, making it a key marker for inflammation in the body.
Test purpose:
- Detect acute infections (e.g., bacterial or viral infections).
- Monitor chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease).
- Assess heart disease risk or cardiac inflammation
- Track recovery from surgery or illness
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Corticosterone is a hormone produced by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). It plays an important role in helping the body respond to stress and regulate energy, blood pressure, inflammation, and immune system.
Test purpose: Evaluate adrenal gland function: To check if the adrenal glands are producing the right amount of hormones. This test may be part of broader hormone testing for issues like fatigue, weight changes, or blood pressure problems.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Cortisone is a hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). Cortisone is converted to cortisol, which is a stress hormone that helps control inflammation and blood pressure, regulate the immune system, and manage the body's response to stress. Cortisone can also be made as a medication to treat inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, or allergies because of its ability to reduce swelling and pain.
Test purpose:
- Detect adrenal malfunctions: Such as Cushing’s syndrome (too much cortisone/cortisol) or Addison’s disease (too little cortisone/cortisol)
- Investigate symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, weight loss, low blood pressure, or unusual sleep patterns.
- Assess stress response: Abnormal cortisone/cortisol levels can reflect how well the body is handling physical or emotional stress.
Other information about this test: ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for brain function, heart health, and eye development. It is found in fatty fish (e.g., salmon, tuna), fish oil supplements, and algae. DHA is crucial for neuronal communication, reducing inflammation, and supporting cognitive function.
Test purpose: A DHA blood test helps assess:
- Brain and cognitive health, as DHA is essential for improved cognition.
- Cardiovascular risk, since DHA helps lower inflammation and improve heart function.
- Pregnancy and fetal development, as DHA is critical for brain and eye formation in babies.
- Dietary intake assessment, particularly in the context of omega-3/omega-6 balance, which affects inflammation and overall health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic. ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid primarily found in fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), fish oil supplements, and algae. It plays a vital role in reducing inflammation, supporting heart health, and improving brain function.
Test purpose: An EPA blood test helps assess:
- Cardiovascular health, as EPA helps lower triglycerides, reduce blood clot risk, and support heart function.
- Inflammatory conditions, since EPA has anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for arthritis, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation.
- Omega-3 balance, to evaluate dietary intake and the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids.
- Metabolic and lipid health, particularly in individuals managing high cholesterol, or diabetes.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that help fight parasite infections, allergies, and inflammation. They play a role in the immune response by releasing chemicals that combat infections and regulate allergic reactions.
Test purpose: An eosinophil blood test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High eosinophil count (eosinophilia), may indicate allergies, asthma, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, or blood disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Eosinophils, Mount Sinai- Blood Differential, Mount Sinai- Eosinophils, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- CBC, UCSF Health- Eosinophils, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Eosinophils
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that help fight parasite infections, allergies, and inflammation. They play a role in the immune response by releasing chemicals that combat infections and regulate allergic reactions.
Test purpose: An eosinophil blood test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High eosinophil count (eosinophilia), may indicate allergies, asthma, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, or blood disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Eosinophils, Mount Sinai- Blood Differential, Mount Sinai- Eosinophils, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- CBC, UCSF Health- Eosinophils, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Eosinophils
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid found in evening primrose oil, borage oil, and black currant seed oil. GLA has anti-inflammatory properties and is used by the body to produce prostaglandins, which help regulate inflammation, immune function, and skin health.
Test purpose: A GLA blood test helps assess nutritional status, and diet monitoring.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Immune Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Globulins are a group of proteins in the bloodstream that support immunity, nutrient transport, and various other functions. They include alpha, beta, and gamma globulins, with gamma globulins primarily serving as antibodies. Monitoring globulin levels helps provide insight into immune status, nutritional health, and liver and kidney function.
Test purpose:
- Assess immune system activity, particularly through gamma globulins (antibodies).
- Investigate nutritional status, since malnutrition or malabsorption can affect globulin levels.
- Aid in detecting or monitoring liver and kidney diseases.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Antioxidant Levels
Immune Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Glutathione reduced (GSH) is a powerful antioxidant made by the body. It protects cells from damage caused by free radicals (harmful molecules) and toxins. Glutathione also plays a role in boosting immune system and detoxifying harmful substances.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate antioxidant status and immune health: Evaluate how well the body is protecting itself from oxidative stress and cell damage that can lead to aging, inflammation, or chronic illness.
- Monitor detoxification function: Glutathione helps the liver remove toxins, so abnormal levels may reflect liver dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Explanation: Histamine is a natural chemical that acts like a messenger. It plays a key role in immune response, helping to fight off infections and allergens. It is released by the body in response to allergens or infections like pollen or a bug bites. It causes blood vessels to widen and makes their walls more "leaky", thus lowering blood pressure. Histamine also helps with digestion and communicates with the brain to regulate sleep and wake cycles.
Test purpose: Testing histamine levels helps detect allergic reactions, histamine intolerance, and rare immune-related conditions.
- Detect allergic reactions: High histamine levels can indicate that the body is reacting to allergens, such as pollen, food, or insect stings. Symptoms like flushing, diarrhea, or low blood pressure may be linked to abnormal histamine activity.
- Identify histamine intolerance: Some people have trouble breaking down histamine from foods, leading to symptoms like headaches, flushing, or digestive issues.
- Evaluate mast cell conditions like mastocytosis or mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) cause excessive histamine release, leading to symptoms like rashes, low blood pressure, and breathing problems.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Homo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (HGLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid that plays a role in inflammation regulation and immune function and serves as a precursor to anti-inflammatory prostaglandins, which help balance inflammatory responses.
Test purpose: An HGLA blood test helps assess:
- Inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation.
- Essential fatty acid balance and metabolism.
- Heart health, since imbalances in omega-6 fatty acids can impact cardiovascular risk.
- Dietary and supplement effectiveness in individuals taking GLA-rich supplements (e.g., evening primrose oil).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Immune Health
Explanation: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody found mainly in mucous membranes, such as those lining the respiratory and digestive tracts. It helps protect against infections by preventing pathogens from attaching to and invading mucosal surfaces. IgA also appears in saliva, tears, and breast milk, providing an important first line of defense in the immune system.
Test Purpose: Most people with an IgA deficiency don’t have any symptoms or health problems due to the presence of other immunoglobulins that fight off infections.
- Assess immune system function, specifically the mucosal immune response.
- Detect or monitor conditions like celiac disease and certain autoimmune disorders, in the case of IgA deficiency.
- Monitor problems like sinus, lung, and digestive infections in IgA deficient people
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins- Quantitative, Johns Hopkins- IgA Deficiency, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Explanation: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody in the bloodstream, playing a central role in immune defense against pathogens. IgG helps recognize and neutralize viruses, bacteria, and toxins. Decreased levels are found in people with immune deficiencies and indicates susceptibility to infections.
Test Purpose:
- Evaluate immune status and detect potential immunodeficiency disorders.
- Identify or monitor certain chronic infections, particularly affecting the respiratory system, and autoimmune diseases.
- Assess the effectiveness of vaccination and overall immune response.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, Johns Hopkins- Quantitative, Johns Hopkins- IgG Deficiency, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Explanation: Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an antibody produced as an immediate defense during the early stages of an infection. It is found primarily in the blood and lymph fluid, forming a rapid response against invading pathogens. High levels of IgM often indicate a recent or active infection, while low levels may suggest immunodeficiency.
Test Purpose:
- High IgM can point to ongoing infections, or autoimmune diseases.
- Differentiate recent infections (high IgM) from past infections (when IgG levels typically rise).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Immature granulocytes (IGs) are young white blood cells that develop into neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (key players in the body's defense against infections and in managing allergic reactions). Typically, these immature cells reside in the bone marrow until they mature. The Immature Granulocytes (IG) count measures the actual number of these young cells present in a blood sample. In healthy individuals, immature granulocytes are usually absent from the bloodstream. This test provides valuable information about the body's immune response and bone marrow function, aiding in the detection and monitoring of various health conditions.
Test Purpose: This test is part of a complete blood count (CBC) with differential and is used to:
- Detect early signs of infection or inflammation: An increased number of immature granulocytes in the blood can indicate that the body is responding to an infection or inflammatory condition.
- Monitor bone marrow health and activity: Elevated IG levels may suggest that the bone marrow is producing and releasing cells prematurely, which can occur in response to infections or certain bone marrow disorders.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Immature granulocytes (IGs) are young white blood cells that develop into neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (key players in the body's defense against infections and in managing allergic reactions). Typically, these immature cells reside in the bone marrow until they mature. The Immature Granulocytes (IG) count measures the actual number of these young cells present in a blood sample. In healthy individuals, immature granulocytes are usually absent from the bloodstream. This test provides valuable information about the body's immune response and bone marrow function, aiding in the detection and monitoring of various health conditions.
Test Purpose: This test is part of a complete blood count (CBC) with differential and is used to:
- Detect early signs of infection or inflammation: An increased number of immature granulocytes in the blood can indicate that the body is responding to an infection or inflammatory condition.
- Monitor bone marrow health and activity: Elevated IG levels may suggest that the bone marrow is producing and releasing cells prematurely, which can occur in response to infections or certain bone marrow disorders.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Kynurenic acid is a substance that the body produces when it breaks down an amino acid called tryptophan (found in foods like meat, eggs, and dairy). It acts as a protective molecule in the brain and nervous system, helping regulate inflammation and balance chemicals that affect brain function.
Test purpose: Kynurenic acid plays a role in brain function, inflammation, and overall metabolic health. Testing its levels helps doctors understand conditions affecting the brain, immune system, or amino acid metabolism, particularly in neurological and mental health conditions.
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Kynurenine is a substance that the body produces when it breaks down an amino acid called tryptophan (found in foods like meat, eggs, and dairy). Kynurenine is part of a pathway that helps regulate the immune system, inflammation, and brain function.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps doctors understand conditions related to inflammation, mood conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases, and provides insight into overall metabolic health.
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Explanation: Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential omega-6 fatty acid found in vegetable oils (soybean, sunflower, corn), nuts, and seeds. It is crucial for cell membrane function, skin health, and inflammation, blood flow, and immune responses regulation. Since the body cannot produce linoleic acid, it must be obtained from the diet. While necessary for health, excessive intake relative to omega-3 fatty acids can contribute to inflammation.
Test purpose: A linoleic acid blood test helps assess:
- Essential fatty acid status, since LA is crucial for cellular and metabolic health.
- Cardiovascular health, as LA influences cholesterol levels and heart disease risk.
- Inflammatory balance, omega-6 to omega-3 ratios.
- Skin and hair health, since LA deficiency can lead to dry skin, hair loss, and poor wound healing.
- Dietary fat intake and metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system, helping the body fight infections, viruses, and diseases. They include:
- B cells – Produce antibodies to fight infections.
- T cells – Destroy infected or cancerous cells and regulate immune responses.
- Natural Killer (NK) cells – Attack virus-infected and tumor cells.
Test purpose: A lymphocyte count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis) may indicate viral infections, or chronic inflammation, or blood disorders. Low lymphocyte count (lymphocytopenia) may suggest immune deficiency, severe infections, chemotherapy effects, or autoimmune diseases.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- Lymphocytes, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins- Core Lab Reference Ranges, Johns Hopkins- Immune System, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system, helping the body fight infections, viruses, and diseases. They include:
- B cells – Produce antibodies to fight infections.
- T cells – Destroy infected or cancerous cells and regulate immune responses.
- Natural Killer (NK) cells – Attack virus-infected and tumor cells.
Test purpose: A lymphocyte count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis) may indicate viral infections, or chronic inflammation, or blood disorders. Low lymphocyte count (lymphocytopenia) may suggest immune deficiency, severe infections, chemotherapy effects, or autoimmune diseases.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- Lymphocytes, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins- Core Lab Reference Ranges, Johns Hopkins- Immune System, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) measures the average size of platelets, which are essential for blood clotting and wound healing. Larger platelets are younger and more active, while smaller platelets may indicate bone marrow issues or chronic conditions.
Test purpose: An MPV test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low MPV may indicate bone marrow disorders, or autoimmune diseases. High MPV may suggest increased platelet production due to bone marrow stimulation, inflammation, or blood clotting disorders.
- Assess platelet production and function.
- Detect blood disorders and bone marrow conditions.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- MPV, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that help fight infections, remove dead cells, and regulate the immune system. They engulf harmful substances and stimulate immune responses.
Test purpose: A monocyte count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). A high monocyte count (monocytosis) may indicate chronic infections, inflammatory diseases, or autoimmune disorders. A low monocyte count (monocytopenia) may suggest bone marrow suppression, immune deficiency, or blood infections.
- Detect infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic).
- Detect inflammatory and autoimmune conditions (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis).
- Identify blood disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic- Monocytes, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Monocytes, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- Blood Differential, UCSF Health- CBC, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that help fight infections, remove dead cells, and regulate the immune system. They engulf harmful substances and stimulate immune responses.
Test purpose: A monocyte count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). A high monocyte count (monocytosis) may indicate chronic infections, inflammatory diseases, or autoimmune disorders. A low monocyte count (monocytopenia) may suggest bone marrow suppression, immune deficiency, or blood infections.
- Detect infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic).
- Detect inflammatory and autoimmune conditions (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis).
- Identify blood disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic- Monocytes, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Monocytes, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- Blood Differential, UCSF Health- CBC, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that form the first line of defense against infections. They help fight bacterial, fungal, and viral infections by engulfing and destroying harmful invaders. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of WBC in the bloodstream.
Test purpose: A neutrophil count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). A high neutrophil count (neutrophilia) may indicate bacterial infections and inflammation. A low neutrophil count (neutropenia) may suggest viral infections, bone marrow disorders, or autoimmune diseases.
- Detect bacterial and viral infections.
- Detect inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
- Monitor bone marrow function.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- Neutrophils, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- CBC, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Neutrophils
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that form the first line of defense against infections. They help fight bacterial, fungal, and viral infections by engulfing and destroying harmful invaders. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of WBC in the bloodstream.
Test purpose: A neutrophil count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). A high neutrophil count (neutrophilia) may indicate bacterial infections and inflammation. A low neutrophil count (neutropenia) may suggest viral infections, bone marrow disorders, or autoimmune diseases.
- Detect bacterial and viral infections.
- Detect inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
- Monitor bone marrow function.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- Neutrophils, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- CBC, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Neutrophils
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in olive oil, avocados, nuts, and animal fats. It is known for its heart-healthy benefits, helping to reduce LDL cholesterol, support brain function, and lower inflammation. Unlike omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, oleic acid is not essential, as the body can synthesize it.
Test purpose: An oleic acid blood test helps assess:
- Cardiovascular health, since oleic acid influences cholesterol levels.
- Lipid metabolism and fat balance.
- Inflammatory response, as oleic acid helps reduce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.
- Brain and cognitive function, since it plays a role in neuronal protection and mental health.
- Nutritional status and dietary fat intake, ensuring a healthy balance of monounsaturated fats in the diet.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Immune Health
Explanation: Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is an antibody which the immune system makes mistakenly or when it’s overactive that can attack healthy tissues. It is often associated with autoimmune conditions, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, but can also be present in other inflammatory or chronic diseases like Sjögren syndrome. While elevated RF levels do not confirm rheumatoid arthritis, they indicate a potential immune system response. RF can also be found in some healthy individuals aged 60 years and older.
Test Purpose:
- Aid in detecting rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders.
- Narrow in on the causes of certain symptoms such as joint pain and inflammation.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Total Protein measures the combined levels of albumin and globulins in the blood. These proteins are essential for building tissues, immune function, and transporting nutrients.
Test purpose: A Total Protein test helps evaluate liver function, kidney health, and nutritional status. High total protein may indicate chronic inflammation, infections, or dehydration. Low total protein may suggest liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, or immune deficiencies.
- Detect liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis).
- Assess kidney disease, where proteins may be lost in urine.
- Evaluate nutritional status (protein deficiency or malnutrition).
- Detect immune disorders (e.g. autoimmune diseases).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin A is a vitamin that the body needs for good vision, a healthy immune system, and proper growth and development. It also helps keep the skin and the lining of nose, lungs, and digestive system healthy. Vitamin A is found in foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, eggs, and dairy products.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, prevent toxicity, and ensure proper nutritional support, especially in individuals with dietary restrictions, malabsorption conditions, or symptoms of Vitamin A imbalance.
- Check for Vitamin A deficiency: Low levels can cause night blindness, dry skin, a weakened immune system, and delayed growth in children.
- Monitor liver health: Vitamin A is stored in the liver, so abnormal levels may reflect liver dysfunction.
- Evaluate eye health issues: Vitamin A is critical for maintaining healthy vision, and its deficiency can lead to xerophthalmia (dry eyes) or more severe eye problems.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health
Immune Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for maintaining healthy bones by facilitating calcium absorption. It also supports immune system function, helps keep the bones strong, and supports many other functions. The body synthesizes vitamin D upon exposure to sunlight, but it can also be obtained from dietary sources such as fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and supplements.
Test Purpose:
- Assess vitamin D levels to detect deficiencies or excesses, which can impact bone health and calcium metabolism.
- Monitor individuals at risk for vitamin D deficiency, including those with limited sun exposure, certain medical conditions, or dietary restrictions.
- Guide treatment plans involving vitamin D supplementation to ensure appropriate dosing and effectiveness.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic- 25-OH-D2 and D3, Mayo Clinic- Vitamin D, Cleveland Clinic- Vitamin D 25 Hydroxy, Cleveland Clinic- Vitamin D Deficiency, Cleveland Clinic- What Does Vitamin D Do?, Mount Sinai- 25-OH-D, Mount Sinai- Vitamin D, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, Medscape
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: White Blood Cells (WBCs) are part of the immune system and help fight infections, inflammation, and diseases. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood to protect the body.
Test purpose: A WBC count is part of a Complete Blood Count (CBC). High WBC count (leukocytosis) may indicate infection, inflammation, stress or immune disorders. Low WBC count (leukopenia) may suggest bone marrow disorders, viral infections, or autoimmune diseases.
- Detect infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic).
- Detect immune system disorders, monitor bone marrow function.
- Assess chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a compound produced in the body when gut bacteria break down certain nutrients found in foods like red meat, eggs, and dairy. The liver converts these breakdown products into TMAO, which then circulates in the blood and is excreted by the kidney in urine. TMAO regulates the various bodily functions involved in the development of heart health.
Test Purpose:
- Evaluate TMAO levels as a possible indicator of cardiovascular disease risk
- Assess kidney function, as TMAO is cleared by the kidneys and may accumulate if they are impaired
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Albumin is a protein made by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the blood, transport nutrients, and support tissue repair. It plays a key role in keeping blood from leaking into tissues and carrying hormones, vitamins, and medications throughout the body. Low albumin levels may indicate liver disease, kidney problems, malnutrition, or inflammation.
Test purpose:
- Detect liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis).
- Assess kidney disease, as albumin can leak into urine if kidneys are damaged.
- Evaluate malnutrition or protein deficiencies.
- Monitor chronic illnesses that affect protein levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Sinai, UCSF Health, Johns Hopkins, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: The Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio compares the levels of albumin (a protein made by the liver) to globulins (a group of proteins involved in immune function and transport). It helps assess liver health, kidney function, and immune system activity.
Test purpose: The A/G ratio blood test is used to evaluate:
- Liver function: Low A/G ratio may indicate liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis).
- Kidney function: Imbalances can suggest kidney disease where proteins are lost in urine.
- Immune disorders: A low A/G ratio can be linked to autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, or multiple myeloma.
- Nutritional status: Helps assess protein imbalances in the body.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Amylase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas and salivary glands that helps break down carbohydrates (starches) into fragments for digestion.
Test purpose: An amylase blood test is used to evaluate pancreatic and digestive health. High amylase levels may indicate acute or chronic pancreatitis, or gastrointestinal blockages. Changes in amylase level also suggest liver or kidney problem, or cystic fibrosis. Drugs can also increase amylase such as: Aspirin, birth control pills, opiates (codeine, meperidine, and morphine), corticosteroids, diuretics.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues. It helps with amino acid metabolism. When cells in these organs are damaged, AST is released into the blood, making it a key marker for liver and muscle health.
Test purpose: High AST levels may indicate liver disease or alcohol-related liver damage, heart damage and kidney, muscle injury.
- Detect liver conditions (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease).
- Assess heart damage (e.g., after a heart attack).
- Monitor muscle injuries or diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy).
- Evaluate the effects of medications or toxins on the liver.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is a measure of urea, a waste product formed when the liver breaks down protein. The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and remove it through urine. BUN levels help assess how well the kidneys and liver are working.
Test purpose: A BUN test is used to evaluate kidney function, hydration status, and liver health. It also evaluate protein intake and metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Explanation: The BUN/Creatinine Ratio compares Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) to creatinine levels to assess kidney function, hydration status, and overall metabolic health. The BUN/Creatinine Ratio helps determine whether an imbalance is due to kidney disease, dehydration, or other conditions.
Test purpose:
- Assess kidney function.
- Identify dehydration or fluid imbalances.
- Assess liver function and protein metabolism.
- Evaluate heart failure or shock-related kidney stress.
Other information about this test: Johns Hopkins, Mayo, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Thyroid Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Calcium is a mineral essential for strong bones and teeth, as well as for muscle function, nerve signaling, blood clotting and heart health. It's the most abundant mineral in the body, with the majority stored in bones and teeth.
Test purpose: A calcium blood test measures calcium levels to assess bone health, kidney function, and metabolic balance. High calcium (hypercalcemia) may indicate excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or possibly excessive intake of vitamin D. Low calcium (hypocalcemia) may suggest vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, or malnutrition.
- Assess the risk or presence of bone diseases where calcium metabolism is altered.
- Evaluate parathyroid gland function (which regulates calcium levels).
- Monitor kidney disease, since the kidneys help regulate calcium.
- Check for calcium imbalances due to diet, medications, or medical conditions.
Other information about this test: Mayo, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in energy production by transporting fatty acids into cells’ powerhouses (mitochondria), where they are burned for fuel. Carnitine is especially important for heart and muscles, which need lots of energy to function properly. The body makes carnitine in the liver and kidneys, but it can also be obtained through foods like meat, fish, and dairy.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies or metabolic conditions, evaluate symptoms like fatigue or muscle weakness, and guide treatments to restore energy balance.
- Detect carnitine deficiency: Low carnitine levels can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood sugar, or heart problems.
- Monitor kidney and liver function: These organs are responsible for making and regulating carnitine, so abnormalities may signal dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, NIH, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Chloride is an essential electrolyte that helps maintain proper fluid balance, blood pressure, proper nerve and muscle function and acid-base balance in the body. It works closely with sodium and other electrolytes to regulate the amount of fluid inside and outside cells. Chloride is also a key component of stomach acid, which aids in digestion. Chloride is typically obtained through dietary salt (sodium chloride) and is excreted by the kidneys.
Test Purpose: The chloride blood test is used to evaluate the body's electrolyte balance and detect conditions that may affect kidneys, heart, or lungs. It is included with other markers to detect:
- Dehydration or overhydration
- Kidney disease or dysfunction
- Heart failure
- Liver disease
- High blood pressure
- Acid-base imbalances in the blood.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Explanation: Creatine Kinase (CK) is an enzyme found mainly in the heart, skeletal muscles, and brain. It helps provide energy to cells, especially during muscle movement. When muscle cells are injured or stressed or in renal failure, CK can leak into the bloodstream, causing its levels in the blood to rise.
Test purpose:
- Detect muscle injury or stress from intense exercise, trauma, or muscle disorders (such as muscular dystrophy).
- Help detect heart muscle damage when combined with other cardiac markers.
- Monitor side effects of statins, fibrates, antiretrovirals, and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, etc.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative found primarily in muscle tissue. It's synthesized in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. It is used as a quick source of energy during short, intense bursts of activity. Creatine also comes from foods like meat and fish or as a supplement.
Test purpose:
- Monitor creatine supplement: Blood tests can monitor creatine levels to assess supplementation efficacy or to manage potential side effects.
- Assess kidney function: Since creatine is metabolized to creatinine, which is excreted by the kidneys, measuring creatine can sometimes complement assessments of kidney function, though creatinine is the primary marker used.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Creatinine is a waste product that comes from the normal breakdown of creatine, a substance used by the muscles for energy. It is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered out and excreted in urine. Since creatinine is produced steadily and removed by the kidneys, its levels in the blood are a good indicator of kidney function.
Test purpose:
- Check kidney function (chronic or acute kidney disease): High creatinine levels may mean the kidneys are not filtering waste properly.
- Creatinine levels can reflect muscle mass and hydration status.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Kidney Health
Explanation: Cystine is an intermediate in amino acid metabolism. Amino acids are the building blocks the body uses to make proteins. It’s important for building proteins, and playing a role in detoxifying harmful substances.
Test purpose:
- Assessment of Cystine Stone Formation: Cystine can form kidney stones in individuals with cystinuria, a genetic disorder where cystine is poorly reabsorbed by the kidneys, leading to high levels in urine and potential stone formation.
- Evaluate amino acid metabolism or antioxidant capacity.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Explanation: The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is calculated from blood creatinine, age, and sex. It approximates how efficiently the kidneys are filtering wastes from the bloodstream. Low eGFR values indicate reduced kidney function or potential kidney damage.
Test purpose:
- Detect early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) before symptoms appear.
- Classify the stage of kidney disease and guide treatment decisions.
- Monitor changes in kidney function over time or in response to interventions.
- Monitor side effects of renally excreted medications.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Globulins are a group of proteins in the bloodstream that support immunity, nutrient transport, and various other functions. They include alpha, beta, and gamma globulins, with gamma globulins primarily serving as antibodies. Monitoring globulin levels helps provide insight into immune status, nutritional health, and liver and kidney function.
Test purpose:
- Assess immune system activity, particularly through gamma globulins (antibodies).
- Investigate nutritional status, since malnutrition or malabsorption can affect globulin levels.
- Aid in detecting or monitoring liver and kidney diseases.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Guanidinoacetate is a molecule produced in the kidney that the body uses to make creatine, a important substance for providing energy to muscles and brain. By being a key part of creatine synthesis, guanidinoacetate indirectly supports the energy supply for various cells, especially in muscles and the brain.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate neurological symptoms; monitor creatine metabolism: Abnormal levels may point to issues in how the body produces and processes creatine.
- Guide treatment: If someone is detected with a creatine deficiency, testing helps track their response to creatine supplementation.
- This test is especially important for identifying creatine synthesis issues early, as these conditions can affect brain and muscle health but are treatable with dietary supplements.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Kidney Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in your blood. It helps determine how well your blood carries oxygen throughout the body.
Test purpose: A hematocrit test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low hematocrit may indicate anemia, blood loss, kidney disease, whereas high hematocrit may suggest dehydration, lung disease, heart disease, or polycythemia vera (a blood disorder).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. It plays a crucial role in oxygen delivery and overall blood health.
Test purpose: A hemoglobin test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low hemoglobin may indicate anemia, blood loss, iron or vitamin deficiencies, kidney disease, or bone marrow disorders. High hemoglobin may suggest dehydration, lung disease, heart disease, or polycythemia vera (a blood disorder causing excess RBC production).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Hippuric acid is formed in the body when certain food components, like phenols from tea, wine, and fruit juices, are broken down. This process aids in detoxifying benzoic acid, which is then excreted in the urine as hippuric acid.
Test Purpose:
- Assess liver and kidney function by evaluating the body's ability to detoxify certain substances like benzoic acid.
- Monitor exposure to environmental toxins like toluene, as elevated hippuric acid levels can indicate such exposure.
Kidney Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and remove carbon dioxide. They contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen and ensures the body’s tissues get the oxygen they need for energy.
Test purpose: An RBC count is part of a Complete Blood Count (CBC). Low RBC count (anemia) may indicate blood loss, iron or vitamin deficiencies, kidney disease, or bone marrow disorders. High RBC count (polycythemia) may suggest dehydration, lung disease, heart disease.
- Detect anemia (low RBCs) or polycythemia (high RBCs).
- Assess oxygen-carrying capacity and overall blood health.
- Monitor chronic conditions affecting red blood cell production (e.g., kidney disease, bone marrow disorders).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic- CBC, Mayo Clinic- High red blood cell count, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Red Blood Cells, Mount Sinai- CBC, Mount Sinai- Red Blood Cells, Johns Hopkins- Core lab reference ranges, Johns Hopkins- Red Blood Cell Count, UCSF Health- CBC, UCSF Health- Red Blood Cell, MedlinePlus- CBC, MedlinePlus- Red Blood Cell Count
Immune Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Total Protein measures the combined levels of albumin and globulins in the blood. These proteins are essential for building tissues, immune function, and transporting nutrients.
Test purpose: A Total Protein test helps evaluate liver function, kidney health, and nutritional status. High total protein may indicate chronic inflammation, infections, or dehydration. Low total protein may suggest liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, or immune deficiencies.
- Detect liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis).
- Assess kidney disease, where proteins may be lost in urine.
- Evaluate nutritional status (protein deficiency or malnutrition).
- Detect immune disorders (e.g. autoimmune diseases).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Explanation: Uric acid is a waste product formed from the breakdown of certain foods like red meat, seafood, sugary drinks, and are part of normal cell turnover. Normally, uric acid is filtered out by the kidneys and removed through urine. However, when the body makes too much uric acid or the kidneys don't remove enough, it can build up in the blood.
Test purpose: Uric acid testing helps detect and monitor conditions like gout, kidney conditions, and other metabolic issues. Keeping uric acid levels in check is important because long-term buildup can lead to joint damage, kidney stones, or other health problems. Doctors often recommend diet changes, hydration, or medications to control elevated levels.
Detect gout: High uric acid levels can lead to gout, a condition where sharp uric acid crystals form in the joints, causing severe pain and swelling.
Monitor kidney function: Elevated levels may indicate kidney disease or kidney stones, as uric acid is normally removed by the kidneys.
Assess metabolic conditions: Uric acid buildup can occur in conditions like metabolic syndrome, where issues with weight, blood sugar, and cholesterol happen together.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Cell and Tissue Health
Kidney Health
Explanation: Xanthine is a natural substance that forms when the body breaks down DNA or RNA, and energy molecules like ATP. It’s an intermediate step in the process of creating uric acid, which the kidneys filter out through urine.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps diagnose rare metabolic disorders, evaluate kidney health, and understand conditions like gout or kidney stones. It’s particularly useful in identifying enzyme deficiencies or issues with purine metabolism.
- Detect xanthinuria: A rare genetic condition where the body lacks the enzyme needed to convert xanthine to uric acid, leading to xanthine buildup and potential kidney stones.
- Evaluate kidney function: High xanthine levels can contribute to kidney problems, such as xanthine kidney stones, and indicate impaired waste removal.
- Support gout detection: Since xanthine is a precursor to uric acid, testing may help understand purine metabolism in cases of gout or hyperuricemia (high uric acid levels).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a compound produced in the body when gut bacteria break down certain nutrients found in foods like red meat, eggs, and dairy. The liver converts these breakdown products into TMAO, which then circulates in the blood and is excreted by the kidney in urine. TMAO regulates the various bodily functions involved in the development of heart health.
Test Purpose:
- Evaluate TMAO levels as a possible indicator of cardiovascular disease risk
- Assess kidney function, as TMAO is cleared by the kidneys and may accumulate if they are impaired
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Alanine Transaminase (ALT) is an enzyme found mainly in the liver that helps break down proteins. When liver cells are damaged, ALT is released into the blood, making it a key marker for liver health.
Test purpose: High ALT levels may indicate liver problems.
- Detect liver inflammation or injury.
- Monitor liver disease progression.
- Assess the effects of medications, alcohol, or toxins on the liver.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Albumin is a protein made by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the blood, transport nutrients, and support tissue repair. It plays a key role in keeping blood from leaking into tissues and carrying hormones, vitamins, and medications throughout the body. Low albumin levels may indicate liver disease, kidney problems, malnutrition, or inflammation.
Test purpose:
- Detect liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis).
- Assess kidney disease, as albumin can leak into urine if kidneys are damaged.
- Evaluate malnutrition or protein deficiencies.
- Monitor chronic illnesses that affect protein levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Sinai, UCSF Health, Johns Hopkins, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: The Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio compares the levels of albumin (a protein made by the liver) to globulins (a group of proteins involved in immune function and transport). It helps assess liver health, kidney function, and immune system activity.
Test purpose: The A/G ratio blood test is used to evaluate:
- Liver function: Low A/G ratio may indicate liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis).
- Kidney function: Imbalances can suggest kidney disease where proteins are lost in urine.
- Immune disorders: A low A/G ratio can be linked to autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, or multiple myeloma.
- Nutritional status: Helps assess protein imbalances in the body.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, kidney, bones, and digestive system. It helps break down proteins and plays a role in bone growth, liver function, and bile production.
Test purpose: High ALP levels may indicate liver disease, bone disorders, or gallbladder problems. Low ALP levels are rare but can be linked to malnutrition, zinc deficiency, or genetic conditions.
- Detect liver disease (e.g., hepatitis, bile duct obstruction, cirrhosis).
- Evaluate bone disorders (e.g., osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, bone fractures).
- Monitor gallbladder function and bile flow.
- Assess nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin D or zinc deficiency).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Aminolevulinic acid is a natural substance in the body that helps produce porphyrins, which are essential for producing heme. Heme is a key part of hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Aminolevulinic acid is also involved in creating energy for cells.
Test purpose: Assess symptoms such as abdominal pain, nerve-related issues, or light sensitivity—common signs of acute porphyria, a condition that usually develops between ages 15 and 45 but can occur at any age. If aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is elevated, further evaluation is necessary, including measuring ALA levels in urine and porphobilinogen (PBG) levels in plasma to confirm acute porphyria.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Amylase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas and salivary glands that helps break down carbohydrates (starches) into fragments for digestion.
Test purpose: An amylase blood test is used to evaluate pancreatic and digestive health. High amylase levels may indicate acute or chronic pancreatitis, or gastrointestinal blockages. Changes in amylase level also suggest liver or kidney problem, or cystic fibrosis. Drugs can also increase amylase such as: Aspirin, birth control pills, opiates (codeine, meperidine, and morphine), corticosteroids, diuretics.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Glucose and Energy Levels
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Aspartate is an amino acid, one of the building blocks to make proteins. It plays an important role in energy production, helping the body turn food into energy. Aspartate also supports the nervous system by helping transmit signals between nerve cells and is involved in making other important molecules, like DNA and RNA. Aspartate is also important in the urea cycle for the detoxification of ammonia, converting it into urea for excretion.
Test purpose:
- Liver Function: Elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), an enzyme that uses aspartate, can indicate liver damage or disease, making aspartate indirectly relevant in liver function tests.
- Monitor energy production and metabolic conditions such as urea cycle disorders.
- Monitor nutritional health: To evaluate if there’s an imbalance in amino acid levels, often as part of a broader amino acid panel.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues. It helps with amino acid metabolism. When cells in these organs are damaged, AST is released into the blood, making it a key marker for liver and muscle health.
Test purpose: High AST levels may indicate liver disease or alcohol-related liver damage, heart damage and kidney, muscle injury.
- Detect liver conditions (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease).
- Assess heart damage (e.g., after a heart attack).
- Monitor muscle injuries or diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy).
- Evaluate the effects of medications or toxins on the liver.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Bilirubin is a yellow substance that your body makes when it breaks down old red blood cells. Normally, your liver processes bilirubin and removes it from the body through bile, which goes into your stool. If bilirubin builds up in your blood, it can cause jaundice, a condition where your skin and eyes turn yellow, which often signals a problem with the liver, gallbladder, or blood cells.
Test purpose:
- Check liver health: High bilirubin levels can indicate liver diseases like hepatitis or cirrhosis, to find the cause of yellowing skin and eyes.
- Monitor gallbladder function: Blockages in the bile ducts can cause bilirubin to rise.
- Detect blood conditions that cause rapid breakdown of red blood cells, like hemolytic anemia, can increase bilirubin levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is a measure of urea, a waste product formed when the liver breaks down protein. The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and remove it through urine. BUN levels help assess how well the kidneys and liver are working.
Test purpose: A BUN test is used to evaluate kidney function, hydration status, and liver health. It also evaluate protein intake and metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in energy production by transporting fatty acids into cells’ powerhouses (mitochondria), where they are burned for fuel. Carnitine is especially important for heart and muscles, which need lots of energy to function properly. The body makes carnitine in the liver and kidneys, but it can also be obtained through foods like meat, fish, and dairy.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies or metabolic conditions, evaluate symptoms like fatigue or muscle weakness, and guide treatments to restore energy balance.
- Detect carnitine deficiency: Low carnitine levels can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood sugar, or heart problems.
- Monitor kidney and liver function: These organs are responsible for making and regulating carnitine, so abnormalities may signal dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, NIH, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Chenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid made in the liver from cholesterol. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. Chenodeoxycholic acid also plays a role in regulating cholesterol levels.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate liver function, detect bile acid malabsorption.
- Cholesterol Gallstones: Chenodeoxycholic acid has been used therapeutically to dissolve cholesterol gallstones by reducing the cholesterol saturation in bile. Blood tests is used to monitor bile acid levels in patients undergoing this treatment or to assess the risk of gallstone formation.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Chloride is an essential electrolyte that helps maintain proper fluid balance, blood pressure, proper nerve and muscle function and acid-base balance in the body. It works closely with sodium and other electrolytes to regulate the amount of fluid inside and outside cells. Chloride is also a key component of stomach acid, which aids in digestion. Chloride is typically obtained through dietary salt (sodium chloride) and is excreted by the kidneys.
Test Purpose: The chloride blood test is used to evaluate the body's electrolyte balance and detect conditions that may affect kidneys, heart, or lungs. It is included with other markers to detect:
- Dehydration or overhydration
- Kidney disease or dysfunction
- Heart failure
- Liver disease
- High blood pressure
- Acid-base imbalances in the blood.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Cholesterol is a fat-like substance found in every cell of the body. It is essential for hormone production, vitamin D synthesis, and cell membrane structure. While the liver produces cholesterol, it is also obtained from animal-based foods. Cholesterol is carried in the blood by lipoproteins, including LDL (“bad” cholesterol) and HDL (“good” cholesterol). LDL cholesterol can build up in artery walls, potentially leading to blockages while HDL cholesterol picks up excess cholesterol from arteries and taking it back to liver for disposal.
Test purpose: High cholesterol may indicate increased risk of heart disease, atherosclerosis, or metabolic disorders. A cholesterol blood test (part of a lipid panel) helps assess:
- Heart disease and stroke risk, by measuring LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol.
- Lipid metabolism disorders, which affect how the body processes fats.
- Effectiveness of diet, lifestyle, or cholesterol-lowering treatments (e.g., statins).
- Liver and metabolic health, since cholesterol is processed by the liver.
Desirable values are less than 200 mg/dL, as they indicate a lower risk of heart disease.
Values between 200 mg/dL to 239 mg/dL are borderline high, and they indicate a moderate risk requiring lifestyle changes.
Values greater than 240 mg/dL are high and indicate increased risk of heart disease possibly requiring treatment.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: The Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio is a key indicator of heart disease risk. It compares the total amount of cholesterol to HDL (“good” cholesterol), which helps remove excess cholesterol from arteries. A lower ratio is better, indicating a healthier balance of cholesterol. Since cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, this ratio also provides an indicator of liver health.
Test purpose: This ratio is used to:
- Assess cardiovascular risk more accurately than total cholesterol alone.
- Predict the likelihood of heart disease and stroke.
- Monitor cholesterol levels and effectiveness of lifestyle changes or medications.
An ideal ratio is less than 3.5 which indicates a low risk of heart disease.
Ratios of 3.5 to 5.0 are associated with a moderate risk of heart disease and lifestyle changes may be recommended.
Ratios above 5.0 are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and treatment may be needed.
Other information about this test: Johns Hopkins, University of Rochester Medical Center
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Cholic acid is a bile acid made in the liver from cholesterol. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. Cholic acid is stored in the gallbladder and released into the intestines to support digestion.
Test purpose: Evaluate liver function, detect bile acid conditions like cholestasis (reduced bile flow) or bile acid synthesis defects.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Choline is an essential nutrient that plays various critical roles in the body, including in the structure of cell membranes, nerve signaling, lipid metabolism, and as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is necessary for muscle control. It's synthesized in the liver, although not in adequate amounts, thus must be obtained through the diet from foods like eggs, meat, fish, nuts, and broccoli.
Test purpose:
- Check for choline deficiency: Low levels may lead to memory problems, muscle weakness, or liver issues like fatty liver disease.
- Monitor liver function and evaluate neurological health.
Other information about this test: NIH
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Coproporphyrin I is one of the substances called porphyrins which are involved in the production of heme, which is a key component of hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen. However, coproporphyrin I is not typically part of the normal heme synthesis pathway; its production indicates a metabolic deviation, often due to enzyme deficiencies or genetic mutations affecting porphyrin metabolism.
Test purpose:
- Detect porphyria: Porphyria is a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme, leading to porphyrin buildup. This test is often performed when someone has symptoms like abdominal pain, skin sensitivity to sunlight, dark urine, or neurological issues, which are common in porphyria.
- Evaluate liver function: High levels may suggest issues with bile flow or liver diseases.
Other information about this test: UCSF Health, Mount Sinai
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Coproporphyrin III is one of the substances called porphyrins which are involved in the production of heme, which is a key component of hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Normally, small amounts of coproporphyrin III are eliminated through bile or urine. However, when there’s a problem with the body’s heme production or waste removal, levels of coproporphyrin III can build up.
Test purpose:
- Detect porphyria: Porphyria is a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme, leading to porphyrin buildup. This test is often performed when someone has symptoms like abdominal pain, skin sensitivity to sunlight, dark urine, or neurological issues, which are common in porphyria.
- Evaluate liver function: Elevated levels can suggest cholestasis (a condition where bile flow is blocked) or other liver diseases.
Other information about this test: UCSF Health, Mount Sinai
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Deoxycholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. Deoxycholic acid is stored in the gallbladder and released into the intestines to support digestion. It also plays a role in regulating cholesterol levels in the body.
Test purpose: Evaluate liver function, detect bile acid conditions like cholestasis (reduced bile flow) or bile acid synthesis defects can cause abnormal levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Galactose is a type of sugar that comes mainly from lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products. The body breaks lactose into galactose and glucose. Galactose, metabolized in the liver, is then further processed to provide energy or stored for later use. It is an important energy source.
Test purpose:
- Detect galactosemia: is a genetic condition where there's a deficiency in the enzymes needed to metabolize galactose, leading to its accumulation.
- Evaluate liver function: High galactose levels can indicate problems with the liver, as it plays a key role in processing galactose.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found mainly in the liver, with smaller amounts in the bile ducts, pancreas, and kidneys. GGT levels in the blood often rise when the liver or bile ducts are damaged, making it a useful indicator for identifying and monitoring liver-related issues.
Test purpose:
- Detect and monitor liver diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or alcoholic liver disease.
- Help distinguish whether elevated alkaline phosphatase is due to skeletal disease (normal gamma-glutamyltransferase: GGT) or reflect the presence of hepatobiliary disease (elevated GGT).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Immune Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Globulins are a group of proteins in the bloodstream that support immunity, nutrient transport, and various other functions. They include alpha, beta, and gamma globulins, with gamma globulins primarily serving as antibodies. Monitoring globulin levels helps provide insight into immune status, nutritional health, and liver and kidney function.
Test purpose:
- Assess immune system activity, particularly through gamma globulins (antibodies).
- Investigate nutritional status, since malnutrition or malabsorption can affect globulin levels.
- Aid in detecting or monitoring liver and kidney diseases.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Glucose and Energy Levels
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Glucose-6-phosphate is closely related to glucose, used by the body for energy. It’s the first step in the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy or storing it for later use. Glucose-6-phosphate is essential for providing energy to cells, especially in muscles and the brain, and it also helps manage blood sugar levels.
Test purpose:
- Investigate metabolic conditions: Low or high glucose-6-phosphate levels may indicate problems with glucose metabolism or energy production.
- Detect enzyme deficiencies: Conditions like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, which can cause red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis), are linked to glucose-6-phosphate metabolism.
- Evaluate liver function: Glucose-6-phosphate is involved in glucose storage in the liver, so testing may help assess liver metabolic activity.
Antioxidant Levels
Immune Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Glutathione reduced (GSH) is a powerful antioxidant made by the body. It protects cells from damage caused by free radicals (harmful molecules) and toxins. Glutathione also plays a role in boosting immune system and detoxifying harmful substances.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate antioxidant status and immune health: Evaluate how well the body is protecting itself from oxidative stress and cell damage that can lead to aging, inflammation, or chronic illness.
- Monitor detoxification function: Glutathione helps the liver remove toxins, so abnormal levels may reflect liver dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Glycerol is a simple sugar alcohol that forms the backbone of triglycerides which are the main constituents of body fat. When the body breaks down stored fat for energy, glycerol is released into the bloodstream.
Test Purpose:
- Assess fat metabolism, as elevated glycerol levels may indicate increased breakdown of triglycerides.
- Evaluate liver function, since the liver plays a key role in metabolizing glycerol.
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. Besides its digestive function, glycochenodeoxycholic acid can act as a signaling molecule, influencing the metabolism of cholesterol and glucose.
Test purpose: Evaluate liver function, assess fat absorption, detect bile acid malabsorption: Abnormal levels can indicate problems with bile production or flow, such as in cholestasis (reduced bile flow).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Glycocholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. It also plays a role in regulating cholesterol levels in the body.
Test purpose: Evaluate liver function, detect bile acid conditions like cholestasis (reduced bile flow), detect bile acid malabsorption.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Glycodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. Besides its digestive function, glycochenodeoxycholic acid can act as a signaling molecule, influencing the metabolism of cholesterol and glucose. They also play a role in eliminating excess cholesterol and other waste products.
Test purpose: Evaluate liver function, detect bile acid conditions like cholestasis (reduced bile flow), detect bile acid malabsorption.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Glycolithocholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. It also plays a role in regulating cholesterol levels in the body.
Test purpose: Evaluate bile acid metabolism, detect bile acid conditions like cholestasis (reduced bile flow), detect bile acid malabsorption.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Glycoursodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. It also plays a role in regulating cholesterol levels in the body.
Test purpose: Evaluate bile acid metabolism, detect bile acid conditions like cholestasis (reduced bile flow), detect bile acid malabsorption.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Hippuric acid is formed in the body when certain food components, like phenols from tea, wine, and fruit juices, are broken down. This process aids in detoxifying benzoic acid, which is then excreted in the urine as hippuric acid.
Test Purpose:
- Assess liver and kidney function by evaluating the body's ability to detoxify certain substances like benzoic acid.
- Monitor exposure to environmental toxins like toluene, as elevated hippuric acid levels can indicate such exposure.
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Lipase is an enzyme produced primarily by the pancreas to aid in the digestion of dietary fats. While small levels of lipase are normal in the blood, elevated lipase levels are often associated with pancreatic inflammation or injury, making lipase a key indicator for detecting and monitoring pancreatic disorders. Lipase can also be elevated in conditions affecting other organs such as kidneys, stomach and intestine.
Test Purpose:
- Detect acute pancreatitis (three or four times higher lipase than the normal range) or other pancreatic diseases, especially in conjunction with other pancreatic blood tests such as amylase.
- Help distinguish between pancreatic and non-pancreatic causes of abdominal pain; Detect non-pancreatic disorders such as kidney, stomach and intestine disease.
- Monitor treatment response and progress in pancreatic conditions.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, Johns Hopkins, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Liver and Pancreas Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) measures the average size of red blood cells (RBCs). It helps detect different types of anemia and blood disorders.
Test purpose: An MCV test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low MCV (microcytic anemia) may indicate iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, or other hemoglobin disorders. High MCV (macrocytic anemia) may suggest vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia or liver disease.
- Identify types of anemia.
- Evaluate red blood cell health and oxygen-carrying capacity.
- Monitor chronic conditions affecting blood production.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- MCV, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Antioxidant Levels
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Methionine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Methionine is important because it helps build proteins, repair tissues, and produce other vital substances like glutathione (an antioxidant that protects cells from damage). It also plays a role in detoxifying the liver and supporting overall metabolism.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps identify nutritional deficiencies, and liver problems. This test also investigates neurological symptoms as methionine is linked to the production of neurotransmitters, so imbalances may affect brain and nervous system function.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Ornithine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce naturally. It plays a key role in helping the liver remove ammonia (a waste product from breaking down proteins) from the body. Ammonia is toxic, so ornithine helps convert it into urea, which is safely removed via urine.
Test purpose: Ornithine is crucial for detoxifying ammonia and maintaining a healthy nitrogen balance in the body. Testing its levels helps monitor liver function and identify problems with protein metabolism that could cause toxic ammonia buildup.
- Detect urea cycle disorders (UCDs): Genetic conditions that affect how the body removes ammonia, thus preventing a toxic buildup.
- Evaluate liver function: Abnormal ornithine levels may suggest liver dysfunction.
- Monitor nutritional status: Ornithine may also be tested in cases of malnutrition or when supplementing amino acids for muscle recovery or metabolic support.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cell and Tissue Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Orotic acid is a substance made by the body naturally during the process of DNA and RNA metabolism. Orotic acid is normally broken down and used by the body, but when there’s too much of it, it can build up in the body and signal problems with how the body processes proteins or if there is a problem with liver function.
Test purpose:
- Testing helps detect conditions like urea cycle disorders.
- Evaluate liver function: Abnormal orotic acid levels may reflect liver diseases or dysfunction, as the liver plays a key role in processing it.
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs to get it from foods like meat, fish, dairy, eggs, nuts, and soy products. Phenylalanine is essential for growth, protein production, and brain function, but too much of it can cause serious health problems, particularly in the brain.
Test purpose: Evaluate amino acid metabolism: to detect imbalances in amino acids caused by nutritional issues, liver dysfunction, or metabolic conditions such as phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic disorder.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Proline is an amino acid, which is one of the building blocks the body uses to make proteins. Proline is especially important for forming collagen, a protein that keeps skin, joints, muscles and connective tissues strong and flexible. It also helps with wound healing and maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels.
Test purpose: Testing its levels can help detect rare metabolic conditions like hyperprolinemia, where proline builds up in the blood, evaluate protein metabolism, and monitor nutritional or liver-related concerns.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Protoporphyrin IX plays a crucial role in the synthesis of heme, which is the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells. High protoporphyrin IX levels in the blood may indicate a problem with heme production or the body’s ability to process iron or produce red blood cells.
Test purpose:
- Detect porphyria that causes a buildup of porphyrins like protoporphyrin IX, leading to skin sensitivity, abdominal pain, or nerve issues.
- Evaluate iron metabolism: Elevated protoporphyrin IX levels can occur in conditions like iron-deficiency anemia or problems with iron utilization in red blood cells.
- Screen for lead poisoning: Lead can disrupt heme production, leading to increased protoporphyrin IX levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid made in the liver from cholesterol. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Test purpose: Evaluate liver function, detect bile acid conditions like cholestasis (reduced bile flow) and assess fat absorption.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Taurocholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. Taurocholic acid helps break fats into smaller pieces so they can be absorbed efficiently.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect liver and bile-related conditions, monitor fat malabsorption, and ensure proper liver function.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Taurodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect liver problems, bile flow disorders, and fat malabsorption, ensuring that the digestive system and liver are functioning properly. This is especially important in conditions like cholestasis or when bile acids are disrupted.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Taurolithocholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver. Bile acids help digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. However, taurolithocholic acid can become toxic to liver cells if it builds up too much, which may happen when the bile flow is blocked or liver function is impaired.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps assess liver health, bile flow disorders, and issues with fat digestion, making it essential for understanding and managing liver and digestive health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid produced in the liver which helps digest and absorb fats and vitamins that dissolve in fat, like vitamins A, D, E, and K. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid also regulates bile flow and has protective effects on the brain and the eye.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect bile flow issues, liver conditions, or bile-related disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Immune Health
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Total Protein measures the combined levels of albumin and globulins in the blood. These proteins are essential for building tissues, immune function, and transporting nutrients.
Test purpose: A Total Protein test helps evaluate liver function, kidney health, and nutritional status. High total protein may indicate chronic inflammation, infections, or dehydration. Low total protein may suggest liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, or immune deficiencies.
- Detect liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis).
- Assess kidney disease, where proteins may be lost in urine.
- Evaluate nutritional status (protein deficiency or malnutrition).
- Detect immune disorders (e.g. autoimmune diseases).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Liver and Pancreas Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Transferrin is a protein primarily produced by the liver that transports iron in the bloodstream. Almost all iron in the body is typically bound to transferrin. Iron is essential for various bodily functions, including enabling red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body. Transferrin levels are regulated by iron requirements and reserves.
Test Purpose:
- Evaluate iron transport and detect iron deficiency or iron overload disorders.
- Help distinguish between different types of anemia, such as iron deficiency anemia in case of high transferrin levels and hemolytic anemia in case of low transferrin levels.
- Assess liver function, as transferrin is produced by the liver.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) in the blood that store energy from excess calories. They are made in the liver and come from foods high in fat and carbohydrates. High triglyceride levels can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and pancreatitis.
Test purpose: A triglyceride test is part of a lipid panel used to:
- Assess heart disease and stroke risk.
- Monitor metabolic health and diabetes risk.
- Detect pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).
- Evaluate the effectiveness of diet, exercise, or cholesterol-lowering treatments.
Normal values are less than 150 mg/dL which correspond to low heart disease risk.
Borderline high values are between 150 to 199 mg/dL which corresponds to a moderate heart disease risk.
High values are between 200 to 499 mg/dL which corresponds to an increased risk of heart disease and pancreatitis.
Very high values are 500 mg/dL or higher which correspond to high risk of pancreatitis and urgent treatment may be needed.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce. Tyrosine is important for muscle recovery and also for making key substances in the body, including: neurotransmitters like dopamine (for mood and motivation), norepinephrine, and epinephrine (for stress response), thyroid hormones that regulate the metabolism, and melanin, the pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes. Tyrosine metabolism occurs in the liver.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps assess liver health, endocrine health and identify causes of neurological issues.
- Investigate thyroid issues: Tyrosine is important for thyroid hormone production, so imbalances may affect thyroid function.
- Monitor nutritional status: Low tyrosine levels may indicate poor protein intake or malnutrition.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Liver and Pancreas Health
Explanation: Ursodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid that helps the body digest fats and absorb fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K. It is naturally produced in small amounts by the liver, but it is also available as a medication to treat certain liver and gallbladder diseases as ursodeoxycholic acid can protect liver cells, improve bile flow, and help dissolve certain types of gallstones.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps monitor treatments for liver and bile duct disorders, as well as conditions like gallstones. It plays a vital role in managing certain chronic liver conditions.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Immune Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin A is a vitamin that the body needs for good vision, a healthy immune system, and proper growth and development. It also helps keep the skin and the lining of nose, lungs, and digestive system healthy. Vitamin A is found in foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, eggs, and dairy products.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, prevent toxicity, and ensure proper nutritional support, especially in individuals with dietary restrictions, malabsorption conditions, or symptoms of Vitamin A imbalance.
- Check for Vitamin A deficiency: Low levels can cause night blindness, dry skin, a weakened immune system, and delayed growth in children.
- Monitor liver health: Vitamin A is stored in the liver, so abnormal levels may reflect liver dysfunction.
- Evaluate eye health issues: Vitamin A is critical for maintaining healthy vision, and its deficiency can lead to xerophthalmia (dry eyes) or more severe eye problems.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: 1-Methylhistidine is a molecule that comes from the breakdown of proteins. Proteins are essential for the body to maintain and regenerate itself.
Test purpose:
- Measure muscle protein breakdown: High levels indicate the body is breaking down more muscle than usual.
- It helps assess if you’re getting enough protein or if the body is losing too much muscle, especially in people with malnutrition or critical illness.
- Evaluate exercise effects: Assess how exercise impacts muscle health and recovery.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Muscle Health
Explanation: 3-Methylhistidine is a molecule that comes from the breakdown of proteins. Proteins are essential for the body to maintain and regenerate itself.
Test purpose:
- Measure muscle protein breakdown: High levels indicate the body is breaking down more muscle than usual.
- It helps assess if you’re getting enough protein or if the body is losing too much muscle, especially in people with malnutrition or critical illness.
- Evaluate exercise effects: Assess how exercise impacts muscle health and recovery.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai
Glucose and Energy Levels
Muscle Health
Explanation: Alanine is an amino acid, which is one of the building blocks the body uses to make proteins. It’s important for muscles, energy production, and helping the body process sugar.
Test purpose: It helps assess metabolic issues and muscle-related health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, University of Rochester Medical Center, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Alloisoleucine is a rare form of the amino acid isoleucine, which is one of the building blocks of proteins in the body. Unlike regular isoleucine, alloisoleucine is not normally found at significant levels in healthy people but may be found in.
Test purpose: Assess amino acid metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Alpha-aminoadipic acid is a product of lysine, which is a building block of proteins. Abnormal levels of this molecule can indicate issues with amino acid metabolism or other health problems.
Test purpose: Monitor nutritional health, to evaluate if there’s an imbalance in amino acid levels, often as part of a broader amino acid panel.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Alpha-aminobutyric acid is a small molecule related to amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins.
Test purpose: Detecting metabolic imbalances: Changes in alpha-aminobutyric acid levels can indicate disruptions in amino acid metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Anserine is a natural substance found in muscles and the brain. Anserine reduces acidity in muscles, and supports muscle performance. Anserine can act as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can harm cells.
Test purpose:
- Assess muscle health and metabolism: It helps assess how muscles are functioning and responding to physical stress.
- Evaluate effects on aging processes or conditions like Alzheimer's disease where oxidative stress plays a role.
Other information about this test: ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Muscle Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Arginine is an amino acid, a building block of proteins. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning human body can make some of it, but needs extra from food during certain times, like growth, stress, or illness. Foods rich in arginine include meat, fish, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Arginine is important for making nitric oxide, a molecule that helps relax blood vessels, improving blood flow and supporting heart health. It also plays a role in wound healing, muscle health, immune function, and removing waste products (ammonia) from the body.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect metabolic conditions, evaluate cardiovascular health, and assess nutritional or immune status, especially during stress or recovery.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Asparagine is an amino acid, one of the building blocks to make proteins. It helps cells function properly and plays a role in making and transporting proteins. Human body can produce asparagine on its own, but it’s also found in foods like asparagus (where it gets its name), dairy, nuts, and whole grains.
Test purpose: To evaluate if there’s an imbalance in amino acid levels, often as part of a broader amino acid panel.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Aspartate is an amino acid, one of the building blocks to make proteins. It plays an important role in energy production, helping the body turn food into energy. Aspartate also supports the nervous system by helping transmit signals between nerve cells and is involved in making other important molecules, like DNA and RNA. Aspartate is also important in the urea cycle for the detoxification of ammonia, converting it into urea for excretion.
Test purpose:
- Liver Function: Elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), an enzyme that uses aspartate, can indicate liver damage or disease, making aspartate indirectly relevant in liver function tests.
- Monitor energy production and metabolic conditions such as urea cycle disorders.
- Monitor nutritional health: To evaluate if there’s an imbalance in amino acid levels, often as part of a broader amino acid panel.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues. It helps with amino acid metabolism. When cells in these organs are damaged, AST is released into the blood, making it a key marker for liver and muscle health.
Test purpose: High AST levels may indicate liver disease or alcohol-related liver damage, heart damage and kidney, muscle injury.
- Detect liver conditions (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease).
- Assess heart damage (e.g., after a heart attack).
- Monitor muscle injuries or diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy).
- Evaluate the effects of medications or toxins on the liver.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cell and Tissue Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid comes from the breakdown of thymine, a component of DNA, which carries genetic information. It is released during exercise and has been shown to help with fat burning and regulates insulin.
Test purpose:
- Elevated or low levels can reflect how the body is breaking down proteins and fats, relevant in conditions like obesity or diabetes.
- Evaluate exercise response: Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid is released during physical activity, so it can indicate how well the body is adapting to exercise.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Biotin is also known as Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H. It's crucial for the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. Biotin is found in foods like eggs, nuts, seeds, and vegetables, and the body needs it in small amounts every day.
Test purpose:
- Check for biotin deficiency: Low biotin levels can cause symptoms like thinning hair, skin rashes, and brittle nails.
- Monitor people on long-term antibiotics or special diets: These can interfere with biotin levels.
- Assess unexplained symptoms: Such as fatigue, muscle pain, or neurological issues, which may relate to low biotin levels.
Other information about this test: NIH, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Glucose and Energy Levels
Kidney Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that plays a crucial role in energy production by transporting fatty acids into cells’ powerhouses (mitochondria), where they are burned for fuel. Carnitine is especially important for heart and muscles, which need lots of energy to function properly. The body makes carnitine in the liver and kidneys, but it can also be obtained through foods like meat, fish, and dairy.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies or metabolic conditions, evaluate symptoms like fatigue or muscle weakness, and guide treatments to restore energy balance.
- Detect carnitine deficiency: Low carnitine levels can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, low blood sugar, or heart problems.
- Monitor kidney and liver function: These organs are responsible for making and regulating carnitine, so abnormalities may signal dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, NIH, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Antioxidant Levels
Muscle Health
Explanation: Carnosine is a molecule made from two amino acids (beta-alanine and histidine) that is found in muscles, brain, and other tissues. It acts like a protector for cells by reducing damage caused by harmful molecules (free radicals) and preventing lactic acid buildup in muscles during exercise.
Test purpose: Evaluate muscle health, assess antioxidant activity, assess dietary intake.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Choline is an essential nutrient that plays various critical roles in the body, including in the structure of cell membranes, nerve signaling, lipid metabolism, and as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is necessary for muscle control. It's synthesized in the liver, although not in adequate amounts, thus must be obtained through the diet from foods like eggs, meat, fish, nuts, and broccoli.
Test purpose:
- Check for choline deficiency: Low levels may lead to memory problems, muscle weakness, or liver issues like fatty liver disease.
- Monitor liver function and evaluate neurological health.
Other information about this test: NIH
Cardiovascular Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Citrulline is an amino acid which can be synthesized by the body. Unlike other amino acids, it isn’t used to build proteins. Instead, citrulline plays a key role in removing ammonia, a waste product, from the body and helps in producing nitric oxide, which improves blood flow and supports heart and muscle health. It’s also found in foods like watermelon.
Test purpose:
- Detect conditions like citrullinemia: High blood citrulline levels are a hallmark of this condition.
- Athletic Performance: Citrulline supplementation is known for its positive effects on exercise performance and recovery.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative found primarily in muscle tissue. It's synthesized in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. It is used as a quick source of energy during short, intense bursts of activity. Creatine also comes from foods like meat and fish or as a supplement.
Test purpose:
- Monitor creatine supplement: Blood tests can monitor creatine levels to assess supplementation efficacy or to manage potential side effects.
- Assess kidney function: Since creatine is metabolized to creatinine, which is excreted by the kidneys, measuring creatine can sometimes complement assessments of kidney function, though creatinine is the primary marker used.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Creatinine is a waste product that comes from the normal breakdown of creatine, a substance used by the muscles for energy. It is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is filtered out and excreted in urine. Since creatinine is produced steadily and removed by the kidneys, its levels in the blood are a good indicator of kidney function.
Test purpose:
- Check kidney function (chronic or acute kidney disease): High creatinine levels may mean the kidneys are not filtering waste properly.
- Creatinine levels can reflect muscle mass and hydration status.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Glutamic acid is one of the amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. It also acts as a chemical messenger in the brain, where it helps nerve cells communicate. Glutamic acid plays a role in learning, memory, and overall brain function. Human body can produce glutamic acid on its own, but it’s also found in foods like meat, fish, dairy, and vegetables.
Test purpose: This test is often part of a broader amino acid panel to assess metabolism, neurological function, and overall health.
- Evaluate neurological health: Abnormal levels can affect brain function and are linked to conditions like epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, or other nervous system conditions. Imbalances in glutamic acid have been linked to depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia.
- Assess amino acid metabolism: To check how the body processes amino acids.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Glutamine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the bloodstream and muscle tissue. Amino acid are building blocks of proteins. Glutamine plays several crucial roles in healing wounds, immune system function, brain function and gut health. It’s found in from foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, and some vegetables.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate nutritional status: Low levels may indicate malnutrition or problems with protein intake.
- Monitor metabolic issues with amino acid processing or rare genetic conditions.
- Support gut health assessment: Since glutamine is crucial for maintaining the gut lining, testing may help in cases of intestinal disorders like Crohn’s disease.
- Evaluate neurological symptoms: Glutamine is involved in producing neurotransmitters, so imbalances may affect brain function or mood.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Glycine is a small amino acid, one of the building blocks to make proteins. It plays many important roles in the body, such as helping with the production of collagen (which keeps skin, joints, and bones strong), DNA, and energy. Glycine also acts as a chemical messenger in the brain, where it's involved in motor control, vision, and pain perception.
Test purpose: This test is often part of an amino acid panel to assess overall metabolic health, especially in people with unexplained neurological symptoms. It is also used to evaluate amino acid metabolism: Glycine levels can indicate deficiencies or imbalances in protein intake.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Guanidinoacetate is a molecule produced in the kidney that the body uses to make creatine, a important substance for providing energy to muscles and brain. By being a key part of creatine synthesis, guanidinoacetate indirectly supports the energy supply for various cells, especially in muscles and the brain.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate neurological symptoms; monitor creatine metabolism: Abnormal levels may point to issues in how the body produces and processes creatine.
- Guide treatment: If someone is detected with a creatine deficiency, testing helps track their response to creatine supplementation.
- This test is especially important for identifying creatine synthesis issues early, as these conditions can affect brain and muscle health but are treatable with dietary supplements.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Histidine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from foods like meat, fish, eggs, beans, dairy, and whole grains. Histidine is important for making proteins, and other vital substances like histamine, which helps with immune response, digestion, and sleep. It also plays a role in producing hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect metabolic issues, assess nutrition, and monitor conditions that affect red blood cells or protein metabolism.
- Assess amino acid metabolism: Abnormal histidine levels can indicate issues with how the body processes amino acids. Low histidine levels may indicate poor protein intake or malnutrition.
- Detect metabolic conditions like histidinemia, a rare genetic disorder, cause high levels of histidine in the blood.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Cell and Tissue Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Hydroxyproline is a special type of amino acid that is important for making collagen, the main protein in skin, bones, tendons, muscles and connective tissues. Collagen provides structure and strength to these parts of the body, helping to keep them strong and flexible. When collagen is broken down, hydroxyproline is released into the blood and urine.
Test purpose: Testing for hydroxyproline helps doctors evaluate how well collagen is being produced or broken down, which is crucial for understanding the health of bones, skin, and connective tissues. It can also help detect bone loss, connective tissue damage, or metabolic imbalances.
- Assess collagen breakdown: High levels in the blood or urine may suggest excessive collagen breakdown, which can occur in bone or connective tissue conditions.
- Detect bone conditions like osteoporosis (weak bones) or Paget’s disease can cause elevated hydroxyproline levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Isoleucine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot produce it, so it must get isoleucine from the diet. It’s found in protein-rich foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, and beans. Isoleucine plays a key role in muscle growth, energy production, and tissue repair. It also helps regulate blood sugar levels and supports immune system.
Test purpose: Isoleucine is essential for keeping muscles healthy, maintaining energy levels, and supporting overall metabolism.
- Evaluate amino acid levels: To check for deficiencies or imbalances, especially in people with malnutrition or digestive issues; to ensure adequate protein intake, particularly in athletes, vegans, or individuals with dietary restrictions.
- Monitor muscle health and energy metabolism: Isoleucine is critical for muscle energy, so levels can help assess recovery, fitness, or metabolic health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot produce it, so it must get leucine from foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, soy, and nuts. It is critical for muscle growth, repair, and energy production.
Test purpose: Testing its levels is crucial for evaluating nutrition and supporting muscle health, especially in individuals with metabolic or dietary concerns.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from foods like meat, fish, dairy, eggs, soybeans, and legumes. It is a building block of proteins and plays a crucial role in muscle repair, calcium homeostasis, and the production of collagen, which keeps skin and tissues strong.
Test purpose: Lysine is essential for maintaining strong muscles, bones, and overall tissue health. Testing its levels helps identify nutritional deficiencies and monitor amino acid balance for growth, recovery, or overall health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Ornithine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce naturally. It plays a key role in helping the liver remove ammonia (a waste product from breaking down proteins) from the body. Ammonia is toxic, so ornithine helps convert it into urea, which is safely removed via urine.
Test purpose: Ornithine is crucial for detoxifying ammonia and maintaining a healthy nitrogen balance in the body. Testing its levels helps monitor liver function and identify problems with protein metabolism that could cause toxic ammonia buildup.
- Detect urea cycle disorders (UCDs): Genetic conditions that affect how the body removes ammonia, thus preventing a toxic buildup.
- Evaluate liver function: Abnormal ornithine levels may suggest liver dysfunction.
- Monitor nutritional status: Ornithine may also be tested in cases of malnutrition or when supplementing amino acids for muscle recovery or metabolic support.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cell and Tissue Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Phosphoethanolamine (PEA) is involved in cell membrane formation, brain function, and lipid metabolism. It also plays a key role in bone mineralization.
Test purpose: A phosphoethanolamine blood test helps assess:
- Metabolic disorders, such as hypophosphatasia (a rare bone disorder affecting mineralization).
- Cell membrane and lipid metabolism balance, particularly in conditions affecting brain and muscle function.
Other information about this test: UCSF Health, Mount Sinai
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Explanation: Proline is an amino acid, which is one of the building blocks the body uses to make proteins. Proline is especially important for forming collagen, a protein that keeps skin, joints, muscles and connective tissues strong and flexible. It also helps with wound healing and maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels.
Test purpose: Testing its levels can help detect rare metabolic conditions like hyperprolinemia, where proline builds up in the blood, evaluate protein metabolism, and monitor nutritional or liver-related concerns.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Muscle Health
Explanation: Pyruvate is a small molecule produced when the body breaks down glucose (sugar) for energy. It is a key part of the process that creates fuel for cells (Krebs Cycle).
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect problems with energy metabolism, particularly in conditions affecting the mitochondria (the “powerhouses” of cells) or the process of breaking down glucose. These disorders can cause symptoms like chronic fatigue, developmental delays, and muscle problems.
- Detect mitochondrial conditions like mitochondrial myopathies which can cause pyruvate buildup.
- Investigate exercise performance and muscle fatigue: Energy metabolism issues often cause symptoms like muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and fatigue.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Sarcosine is a natural substance in the body that plays a significant role in metabolism of creatine, a molecule important for energy production in muscles and the brain. It is also involved in the production of glycine, another amino acid that helps build proteins. Sarcosine is found in small amounts in foods like meat, eggs, and dairy, and it can also be made in the body.
Test purpose:
- Detect metabolic conditions such as sarcosinemia, a rare genetic condition where the body cannot properly break down sarcosine.
- Assess amino acid metabolism: Sarcosine plays a role in the body’s processing of amino acids like glycine.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Serine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce naturally, and also obtain from protein-rich foods like meat, fish, eggs, soy, dairy, and nuts. It plays a major role in many important processes, such as making proteins, DNA, and cell membranes. Serine also helps the brain and nervous system work properly and supports the production of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain).
Test purpose:
- Evaluate neurological health: Low levels of serine can indicate rare genetic conditions where the body cannot produce or use serine properly, which can cause seizures, developmental delays, and cognitive issues.
- Monitor amino acid balance: Abnormal serine levels can indicate issues with amino acid metabolism, nutrient deficiencies, or protein malnutrition.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Explanation: Threonine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from the foods you eat, like meat, fish, dairy, eggs, beans, and nuts. Threonine is a building block for proteins and plays a key role in forming collagen (which keeps skin and joints strong), elastin (which provides flexibility), and muscle tissue. It also supports the immune system and helps maintain neurological health.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect nutritional deficiencies, metabolic conditions, and monitor overall amino acid balance, especially in people with dietary restrictions or poor dietary habits.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from foods like turkey, chicken, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Tryptophan is crucial for producing serotonin (a brain chemical that improves mood and sleep) and melatonin (a hormone that helps regulate sleep), which regulate mood and sleep, as well as supporting protein production and overall health.
Test purpose: Testing tryptophan levels can help detect metabolic conditions, identify nutritional deficiencies, and evaluate symptoms like fatigue, depression, or sleep disturbances.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce. Tyrosine is important for muscle recovery and also for making key substances in the body, including: neurotransmitters like dopamine (for mood and motivation), norepinephrine, and epinephrine (for stress response), thyroid hormones that regulate the metabolism, and melanin, the pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes. Tyrosine metabolism occurs in the liver.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps assess liver health, endocrine health and identify causes of neurological issues.
- Investigate thyroid issues: Tyrosine is important for thyroid hormone production, so imbalances may affect thyroid function.
- Monitor nutritional status: Low tyrosine levels may indicate poor protein intake or malnutrition.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Valine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, and beans. It is especially important for building and repairing muscle tissue, providing energy, and supporting growth and recovery.
Test purpose: Testing its levels can help detect metabolic conditions, assess nutritional status, and monitor recovery in individuals with physical stress or illness.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Muscle Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin E acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. It’s also important for maintaining the immune system and maintaining nerves and muscles. Vitamin E is found in foods like nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, spinach, and avocados.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, monitor absorption issues, and prevent complications from both low and excessive levels, ensuring overall health and well-being.
- Detect Vitamin E deficiency: Low levels can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, vision problems, or issues with coordination due to nerve damage.
- Monitor people with malabsorption conditions.
- Assess nutritional status: Especially in people with poor diets, malnutrition, or those unable to absorb fat properly (since Vitamin E is fat-soluble).
- Monitor supplementation: High doses of Vitamin E supplements can cause toxicity, so testing ensures safe levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Neurological Health
Explanation: 3-O-Methyldopa is a product of L-DOPA, a natural chemical that the body uses to make dopamine, a brain chemical that helps control movement, mood, and emotions. 3-O-Methyldopa (3-OMD) is one of the most important metabolites of L-DOPA, a drug used in the treatment of the Parkinson's disease
Test purpose: Assess neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
Antioxidant Levels
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Anserine is a natural substance found in muscles and the brain. Anserine reduces acidity in muscles, and supports muscle performance. Anserine can act as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can harm cells.
Test purpose:
- Assess muscle health and metabolism: It helps assess how muscles are functioning and responding to physical stress.
- Evaluate effects on aging processes or conditions like Alzheimer's disease where oxidative stress plays a role.
Other information about this test: ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Biotin is also known as Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H. It's crucial for the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. Biotin is found in foods like eggs, nuts, seeds, and vegetables, and the body needs it in small amounts every day.
Test purpose:
- Check for biotin deficiency: Low biotin levels can cause symptoms like thinning hair, skin rashes, and brittle nails.
- Monitor people on long-term antibiotics or special diets: These can interfere with biotin levels.
- Assess unexplained symptoms: Such as fatigue, muscle pain, or neurological issues, which may relate to low biotin levels.
Other information about this test: NIH, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Choline is an essential nutrient that plays various critical roles in the body, including in the structure of cell membranes, nerve signaling, lipid metabolism, and as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is necessary for muscle control. It's synthesized in the liver, although not in adequate amounts, thus must be obtained through the diet from foods like eggs, meat, fish, nuts, and broccoli.
Test purpose:
- Check for choline deficiency: Low levels may lead to memory problems, muscle weakness, or liver issues like fatty liver disease.
- Monitor liver function and evaluate neurological health.
Other information about this test: NIH
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for brain function, heart health, and eye development. It is found in fatty fish (e.g., salmon, tuna), fish oil supplements, and algae. DHA is crucial for neuronal communication, reducing inflammation, and supporting cognitive function.
Test purpose: A DHA blood test helps assess:
- Brain and cognitive health, as DHA is essential for improved cognition.
- Cardiovascular risk, since DHA helps lower inflammation and improve heart function.
- Pregnancy and fetal development, as DHA is critical for brain and eye formation in babies.
- Dietary intake assessment, particularly in the context of omega-3/omega-6 balance, which affects inflammation and overall health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic. ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Neurological Health
Explanation: DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) is an amino acid that serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of several important brain chemicals like dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, which help control mood, movement, and emotions.
Test purpose: Detect and monitor neurological conditions like Parkinson’s disease.
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is crucial for several biological processes: DNA synthesis and repair, produce red blood cells and support cell growth. It’s especially important during pregnancy for the healthy development of the baby’s brain and spine. Folate is found naturally in foods like leafy greens, beans, citrus fruits, and fortified grains (in most states most grain products are supplemented with folate by law).
Test purpose:
- Check for folate deficiency: Low folate levels can cause anemia (a condition where the blood has too few healthy red blood cells) and symptoms like fatigue or weakness. Certain conditions, like celiac disease or Crohn’s disease, can prevent the body from absorbing folate properly.
- Monitor during pregnancy: To ensure the mother has enough folate for the baby’s proper development and to prevent neural tube defects.
- Monitor vitamin B12-related issues: Folate and B12 are closely linked, so testing helps differentiate between deficiencies of these vitamins.
- Support neurological health: Folate is important for brain function, and low levels may contribute to mood changes or cognitive decline.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a chemical messenger in the brain that helps calm the nervous system. This neurotransmitter acts as a natural "brake" to slow down brain activity, promoting relaxation, reducing stress, and enhancing sleep quality. GABA plays a critical role in maintaining balanced mood and preventing neural overstimulation.
Test purpose: This test helps evaluate various neurological conditions. Abnormal GABA levels are associated with conditions such as anxiety, depression, chronic stress, epilepsy, and sleep disorders. As a key regulator of brain activity, GABA imbalances may trigger seizures in susceptible individuals.
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Explanation: Glucose is a type of sugar that serves as the primary source of energy for human cells. It's one of the main products of carbohydrate (bread, rice, fruits, and sweets) metabolism and is crucial for various biological processes such as energy production and brain function, as the brain relies heavily on glucose as its primary energy source and it cannot store or produce much glucose on its own.
Test purpose: This test is crucial for detecting and managing conditions like diabetes, monitoring general health, and ensuring the body has enough energy to function properly.
- Check for diabetes: High blood sugar levels may indicate diabetes or pre-diabetes. For people with diabetes, regular testing ensures their glucose levels are managed properly.
- Evaluate symptoms like fatigue or thirst: Unexplained symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue may be linked to abnormal blood sugar levels.
- Check for hypoglycemia: Low glucose levels (hypoglycemia) can cause shakiness, confusion, and dizziness.
- Monitor during fasting or stress: Glucose levels are often tested during fasting or times of stress to see how the body is regulating blood sugar.
Other information about this test: WHO, Cleveland Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Glutamic acid is one of the amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. It also acts as a chemical messenger in the brain, where it helps nerve cells communicate. Glutamic acid plays a role in learning, memory, and overall brain function. Human body can produce glutamic acid on its own, but it’s also found in foods like meat, fish, dairy, and vegetables.
Test purpose: This test is often part of a broader amino acid panel to assess metabolism, neurological function, and overall health.
- Evaluate neurological health: Abnormal levels can affect brain function and are linked to conditions like epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, or other nervous system conditions. Imbalances in glutamic acid have been linked to depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia.
- Assess amino acid metabolism: To check how the body processes amino acids.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Glutamine is one of the most abundant amino acids in the bloodstream and muscle tissue. Amino acid are building blocks of proteins. Glutamine plays several crucial roles in healing wounds, immune system function, brain function and gut health. It’s found in from foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, and some vegetables.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate nutritional status: Low levels may indicate malnutrition or problems with protein intake.
- Monitor metabolic issues with amino acid processing or rare genetic conditions.
- Support gut health assessment: Since glutamine is crucial for maintaining the gut lining, testing may help in cases of intestinal disorders like Crohn’s disease.
- Evaluate neurological symptoms: Glutamine is involved in producing neurotransmitters, so imbalances may affect brain function or mood.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Glycine is a small amino acid, one of the building blocks to make proteins. It plays many important roles in the body, such as helping with the production of collagen (which keeps skin, joints, and bones strong), DNA, and energy. Glycine also acts as a chemical messenger in the brain, where it's involved in motor control, vision, and pain perception.
Test purpose: This test is often part of an amino acid panel to assess overall metabolic health, especially in people with unexplained neurological symptoms. It is also used to evaluate amino acid metabolism: Glycine levels can indicate deficiencies or imbalances in protein intake.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Guanidinoacetate is a molecule produced in the kidney that the body uses to make creatine, a important substance for providing energy to muscles and brain. By being a key part of creatine synthesis, guanidinoacetate indirectly supports the energy supply for various cells, especially in muscles and the brain.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate neurological symptoms; monitor creatine metabolism: Abnormal levels may point to issues in how the body produces and processes creatine.
- Guide treatment: If someone is detected with a creatine deficiency, testing helps track their response to creatine supplementation.
- This test is especially important for identifying creatine synthesis issues early, as these conditions can affect brain and muscle health but are treatable with dietary supplements.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Homocysteine is an amino acid that is produced by the body as part of the metabolism of methionine, another amino acid. Normally, the body quickly breaks down homocysteine into other useful substances with the help of vitamins B6, B12, and folate.
Test purpose:
- Check heart disease risk: High homocysteine levels are linked to damage in blood vessels, which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
- Detect vitamin deficiencies: Low levels of B6, B12, or folate can lead to elevated homocysteine.
- Evaluate unexplained blood clots: High homocysteine can increase the risk of abnormal blood clotting.
- Assess neurological symptoms: Elevated homocysteine may be associated with memory loss, cognitive decline, and conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.
- The test is often ordered if you have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, a family history of heart disease, or symptoms of vitamin deficiencies. Managing homocysteine levels often involves improving diet (more B vitamins) or taking supplements.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Cell and Tissue Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Indole-3-propionate (IPA) is a compound produced by certain gut bacteria during the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan. It acts as a potent antioxidant, helping to neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Additionally, IPA is shown to exert neuroprotective effects and possesses anti-amyloid properties, aiding in the prevention of neuronal death.
Test Purpose:
- Check gut health.
- Evaluate antioxidant status, since IPA contributes to neutralizing harmful free radicals in the body.
- Evaluate neurological health, given IPA's neuroprotective effects.
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Kynurenic acid is a substance that the body produces when it breaks down an amino acid called tryptophan (found in foods like meat, eggs, and dairy). It acts as a protective molecule in the brain and nervous system, helping regulate inflammation and balance chemicals that affect brain function.
Test purpose: Kynurenic acid plays a role in brain function, inflammation, and overall metabolic health. Testing its levels helps doctors understand conditions affecting the brain, immune system, or amino acid metabolism, particularly in neurological and mental health conditions.
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Kynurenine is a substance that the body produces when it breaks down an amino acid called tryptophan (found in foods like meat, eggs, and dairy). Kynurenine is part of a pathway that helps regulate the immune system, inflammation, and brain function.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps doctors understand conditions related to inflammation, mood conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases, and provides insight into overall metabolic health.
Neurological Health
Explanation: Melatonin is a hormone made in the brain's pineal gland. Also known as the sleep hormone, it helps synchronize the body's sleep-wake cycle by signaling sleep time when darkness falls. The brain produces more melatonin when it’s dark to help the body feel sleepy, and less when it’s light to help it stay awake. Melatonin is also available as a supplement to help people with sleep problems, like insomnia or jet lag.
Test purpose: Melatonin is critical for regulating sleep patterns and maintaining a healthy circadian rhythm. Testing melatonin levels can help identify sleep disorders, hormonal imbalances, or disruptions in the body’s natural sleep-wake cycle, helping guide treatments for better sleep and health.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Methylmalonic acid is a substance made in the body during the breakdown of proteins and fats for energy. Normally, the body uses Vitamin B12 to keep methylmalonic acid levels low. Elevated methylmalonic acid levels are a sensitive marker for B12 deficiency, even before blood levels of B12 drop.
Test purpose: Methylmalonic acid testing helps detect Vitamin B12 deficiency early, even before symptoms appear. This is important because untreated B12 deficiency can cause anemia, nerve damage, and long-term health issues. It’s particularly useful for people with unexplained fatigue, neurological problems, or dietary restrictions (like vegetarians or vegans).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Neurological Health
Explanation: N-Acetylaspartic acid (NAA) is a substance found mostly in the brain and nervous system. It’s made by brain cells (neurons) and plays a role in brain development, nerve function, and energy production. NAA levels are often used as a marker of brain health because it reflects how well the neurons are functioning.
Test purpose: NAA levels are a valuable marker for brain health and neurological function. Testing can help provide insights into brain injuries or neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal NAA levels can be a sign of problems with brain function, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease, or brain injury.
Neurological Health
Explanation: N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid (NAAG) is a compound found in the brain and nervous system. It acts as a neurotransmitter – a chemical that helps nerve cells communicate. NAAG plays an important role in brain function, memory, and pain regulation.
Test purpose: NAAG is critical for brain communication and function. Testing its levels provides valuable insights into neurological health. Abnormal NAAG levels can be linked to diseases affecting the brain and nervous system, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease or stroke.
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a form of Vitamin B3. Nicotinamide helps synthesize NAD, thus playing a critical role in energy production, cellular health and healthy skin, brain, and nerves. Nicotinamide is also important for repairing damaged DNA and supporting the body’s natural defenses against aging and diseases.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, assess nutritional health. Low nicotinamide levels can lead to pellagra, a condition causing symptoms like skin rashes, diarrhea, confusion, and irritability.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is an essential human nutrient needed by the body to turn food into energy. It also helps keep the nervous system, skin, and digestive system healthy. Nicotinic acid is found in foods like meat, fish, nuts, grains, and fortified foods.
Test purpose: Testing for niacin helps, detect deficiencies, monitor supplementation, and ensure proper nutrition, particularly in individuals with malnutrition.
- Evaluate vitamin B3 deficiency and assess its nutritional status: Especially in people with poor diets, alcoholism, or digestive conditions that affect nutrient absorption.
- Investigate neurological symptoms: Adequate levels are necessary for proper brain function, potentially affecting mood and cognition.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Norepinephrine also known as noradrenaline, is a hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys) and certain nerve cells. It helps the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. It works alongside epinephrine (adrenaline) to trigger the “fight-or-flight” response, preparing the body to act quickly in emergencies.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect adrenal conditions, stress-related conditions, and autonomic nervous system problems.
- Evaluate symptoms of high stress hormones: Such as high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweating, headaches, and anxiety.
- Investigate chronic fatigue or low blood pressure: Low norepinephrine levels may cause fatigue, dizziness, or trouble regulating blood pressure.
- Imbalances in norepinephrine are linked to conditions like Parkinson’s disease or mood issues such as depression.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in olive oil, avocados, nuts, and animal fats. It is known for its heart-healthy benefits, helping to reduce LDL cholesterol, support brain function, and lower inflammation. Unlike omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, oleic acid is not essential, as the body can synthesize it.
Test purpose: An oleic acid blood test helps assess:
- Cardiovascular health, since oleic acid influences cholesterol levels.
- Lipid metabolism and fat balance.
- Inflammatory response, as oleic acid helps reduce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.
- Brain and cognitive function, since it plays a role in neuronal protection and mental health.
- Nutritional status and dietary fat intake, ensuring a healthy balance of monounsaturated fats in the diet.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Cell and Tissue Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Phosphoethanolamine (PEA) is involved in cell membrane formation, brain function, and lipid metabolism. It also plays a key role in bone mineralization.
Test purpose: A phosphoethanolamine blood test helps assess:
- Metabolic disorders, such as hypophosphatasia (a rare bone disorder affecting mineralization).
- Cell membrane and lipid metabolism balance, particularly in conditions affecting brain and muscle function.
Other information about this test: UCSF Health, Mount Sinai
Neurological Health
Explanation: Phosphoserine plays a role in many important processes in the body, including cell growth, energy production, and brain function. Phosphoserine is also a key part of signaling pathways, helping cells communicate and carry out their functions.
Test purpose: Detect metabolic conditions: Abnormal levels can indicate conditions like serine biosynthesis defects where the body struggles to produce serine, affecting neurological development.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai, UCSF Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Pipecolic acid is a substance that comes from the breakdown of certain amino acids (like lysine) in the body. It is part of normal metabolism, but when the body cannot process it properly, pipecolic acid can build up in the blood and urine. High levels are often seen in certain metabolic and neurological conditions
Test purpose: Monitor lysine metabolism: Abnormal levels can indicate issues with how the body processes amino acids, especially lysine.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Female Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Pregnenolone is a hormone produced mainly in the adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys), but also in the liver, brain, and reproductive organs. It acts as the “parent hormone” for many other important hormones, like cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. Pregnenolone plays a critical role in stress response, mood regulation, energy production, and brain function.
Test purpose: Testing its levels can help identify issues with adrenal function, hormone production, or neurological health (memory loss, cognitive decline, or mood disorders like depression). It is particularly useful in cases of unexplained fatigue, hormonal imbalances, low energy, or stress-related symptoms.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Serine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce naturally, and also obtain from protein-rich foods like meat, fish, eggs, soy, dairy, and nuts. It plays a major role in many important processes, such as making proteins, DNA, and cell membranes. Serine also helps the brain and nervous system work properly and supports the production of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers in the brain).
Test purpose:
- Evaluate neurological health: Low levels of serine can indicate rare genetic conditions where the body cannot produce or use serine properly, which can cause seizures, developmental delays, and cognitive issues.
- Monitor amino acid balance: Abnormal serine levels can indicate issues with amino acid metabolism, nutrient deficiencies, or protein malnutrition.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Neurological Health
Explanation: Serotonin is a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) that plays numerous roles in the body, primarily known for its impact on mood, but its functions extend to regulation of sleep, appetite, digestion, and memory. It’s often called the “feel-good hormone” because it is often associated with feelings of well-being and happiness.
Test purpose: Investigate unexplained symptoms: Such as poor sleep quality or gastrointestinal distress, which may indicate abnormal serotonin production.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Antioxidant Levels
Cardiovascular Health
Neurological Health
Explanation: Taurine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce naturally, and also obtain from foods like meat, fish, and dairy. Taurine is like a multitasker in the body, helping with everything from keeping the heart and brain in shape to regulating heart rhythm to protecting cells from harmful substances called free radicals to regulating hydration, maintain electrolyte balance and support digestion.
Test purpose: Detect low taurine levels which may occur in people with malnutrition or certain restrictive diets.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from foods like turkey, chicken, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Tryptophan is crucial for producing serotonin (a brain chemical that improves mood and sleep) and melatonin (a hormone that helps regulate sleep), which regulate mood and sleep, as well as supporting protein production and overall health.
Test purpose: Testing tryptophan levels can help detect metabolic conditions, identify nutritional deficiencies, and evaluate symptoms like fatigue, depression, or sleep disturbances.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce. Tyrosine is important for muscle recovery and also for making key substances in the body, including: neurotransmitters like dopamine (for mood and motivation), norepinephrine, and epinephrine (for stress response), thyroid hormones that regulate the metabolism, and melanin, the pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes. Tyrosine metabolism occurs in the liver.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps assess liver health, endocrine health and identify causes of neurological issues.
- Investigate thyroid issues: Tyrosine is important for thyroid hormone production, so imbalances may affect thyroid function.
- Monitor nutritional status: Low tyrosine levels may indicate poor protein intake or malnutrition.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Pyridoxine is one form of Vitamin B6, an essential vitamin that helps convert food into energy, supports the production of red blood cells that carry oxygen, and plays a key role in making neurotransmitters. Pyridoxine is found in foods like chicken, fish, potatoes, bananas, and fortified cereals. Pyridoxine is transformed into its active form, Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), which the body uses to carry out its functions.
Test purpose: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) is vital for energy production, brain function, and red blood cell formation. Testing B6 levels helps detect deficiencies or toxicities, which can cause neurological problems, fatigue, and other health concerns, ensuring proper detection and treatment.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai
Female Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: 17-Hydroxyprogesterone is a steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys) and by the reproductive glands. It acts as a precursor to make other important hormones like cortisol (which helps manage stress and energy), estrogens and androgens (hormones involved in growth and reproduction).
Test purpose:
- Check the health of the adrenal glands. Abnormal values might mean an increase in size or malfunction of adrenal glands
- Evaluate symptoms of excess androgens: Such as abnormal hair growth, irregular periods, or infertility in women.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: 11-Deoxycortisol is a steroid hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). It’s a building block used to produce cortisol, a hormone that helps the body handle stress, control blood sugar, and regulate blood pressure.
Test purpose: Check the health of the adrenal glands. Abnormal values might mean an increase in size or malfunction of adrenal glands.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Michigan Medicine, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Female Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: 17-Hydroxypregnenolone is a hormone made by the adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys) and by the reproductive glands. It acts as a precursor to make other important hormones like cortisol (which helps manage stress and energy), estrogens and androgens (hormones involved in growth and reproduction).
Test purpose:
- Check the health of the adrenal glands. Abnormal values might mean an increase in size or malfunction of adrenal glands
- Evaluate symptoms of excess androgens: Such as abnormal hair growth, irregular periods, or infertility in women.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: 21-Deoxycortisol is a steroid hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). It’s a building block used to produce cortisol, a hormone that helps the body handle stress, control blood sugar, and regulate blood pressure.
Test purpose: Check the health of the adrenal glands. Abnormal values might mean an increase in size or malfunction of adrenal glands.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Antioxidant Levels
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Anserine is a natural substance found in muscles and the brain. Anserine reduces acidity in muscles, and supports muscle performance. Anserine can act as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can harm cells.
Test purpose:
- Assess muscle health and metabolism: It helps assess how muscles are functioning and responding to physical stress.
- Evaluate effects on aging processes or conditions like Alzheimer's disease where oxidative stress plays a role.
Other information about this test: ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Muscle Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Arginine is an amino acid, a building block of proteins. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid, meaning human body can make some of it, but needs extra from food during certain times, like growth, stress, or illness. Foods rich in arginine include meat, fish, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Arginine is important for making nitric oxide, a molecule that helps relax blood vessels, improving blood flow and supporting heart health. It also plays a role in wound healing, muscle health, immune function, and removing waste products (ammonia) from the body.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect metabolic conditions, evaluate cardiovascular health, and assess nutritional or immune status, especially during stress or recovery.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Corticosterone is a hormone produced by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). It plays an important role in helping the body respond to stress and regulate energy, blood pressure, inflammation, and immune system.
Test purpose: Evaluate adrenal gland function: To check if the adrenal glands are producing the right amount of hormones. This test may be part of broader hormone testing for issues like fatigue, weight changes, or blood pressure problems.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Cortisol is a steroid hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys), and often called the "stress hormone" because the body releases it when it's under stress. Cortisol helps the body manage stress, regulate blood sugar levels, control blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and balance the sleep-wake cycle. It also provides energy by breaking down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Test purpose:
- Detect adrenal malfunctions: Such as Cushing’s syndrome (too much cortisol) or Addison’s disease (too little cortisol); investigate symptoms: Like fatigue, weight gain, weight loss, low blood pressure, or unusual sleep patterns.
- Assess stress response: Abnormal cortisol levels can reflect how well the body is handling physical or emotional stress. Cortisol is measured to assess the stress of physical training on the body, potentially indicating overtraining.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Cardiovascular Health
Immune Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Cortisone is a hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). Cortisone is converted to cortisol, which is a stress hormone that helps control inflammation and blood pressure, regulate the immune system, and manage the body's response to stress. Cortisone can also be made as a medication to treat inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, or allergies because of its ability to reduce swelling and pain.
Test purpose:
- Detect adrenal malfunctions: Such as Cushing’s syndrome (too much cortisone/cortisol) or Addison’s disease (too little cortisone/cortisol)
- Investigate symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, weight loss, low blood pressure, or unusual sleep patterns.
- Assess stress response: Abnormal cortisone/cortisol levels can reflect how well the body is handling physical or emotional stress.
Other information about this test: ARUP Laboratories
Female Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys), reproductive gland and brain. It serves as a precursor hormone, meaning the body uses it to make other important hormones like androgens and estrogens. DHEA plays a role in energy levels, mood, stress, bone strength, and the development of male and female traits. Its levels naturally decrease as you age.
Test purpose:
- Detect hormone imbalances: High or low levels may indicate conditions like adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Investigate symptoms: Such as excessive hair growth (hirsutism), irregular periods, or infertility; helps identify problems related to the adrenal glands, reproductive health, and hormone production.
- Monitor aging or stress-related changes: Since DHEA levels naturally decline with age, the test may help evaluate age-related conditions.
- For individuals on DHEA supplements, blood tests can monitor hormone levels to ensure they are within a therapeutic range and to adjust dosage if necessary.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Female Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is a form of DHEA, a hormone made by the adrenal glands (small glands on top of the kidneys) and the reproductive gland. DHEA-S is a "precursor hormone", meaning the body uses it to make other hormones like androgens and estrogens. DHEA plays a role in energy levels, mood, stress, bone strength, and the development of male and female traits and reproductive health. DHEA-S levels are highest in early adulthood and naturally decrease as you age.
Test purpose:
- Detect hormone imbalances: High or low levels may indicate conditions like adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Investigate symptoms: Such as excessive hair growth (hirsutism), irregular periods, or infertility; helps identify problems related to the adrenal glands, reproductive health, and hormone production.
- Monitor aging or stress-related changes: Since DHEA levels naturally decline with age, the test may help evaluate age-related conditions.
- For individuals on DHEA supplements, blood tests can monitor hormone levels to ensure they are within a therapeutic range and to adjust dosage if necessary.
Other information about this test:Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cell and Tissue Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Deoxyinosine is an intermediate molecule involved in DNA repair and metabolism. Deoxyinosine is not a normal part of healthy DNA, but it can result from oxidative stress.
Test purpose: Elevated levels may indicate oxidative stress or damage to DNA. Accumulation of deoxyinosine in DNA without repair can contribute to genetic mutations and has been linked to aging and other diseases.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic
Cardiovascular Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone made by adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys). It’s released when the body is under stress situation, preparing the body for vigorous action by increasing heart rate, dilating air passages, raising blood sugar for energy, and improving blood flow to the muscles.
Test purpose:
- Detects adrenal gland conditions like pheochromocytoma which can cause excessive epinephrine production.
- Evaluate stress response.
- Doctors often test epinephrine levels if someone has unexplained high blood pressure, heart palpitations, headaches, sweating, or anxiety to determine if hormone imbalances are the cause.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a chemical messenger in the brain that helps calm the nervous system. This neurotransmitter acts as a natural "brake" to slow down brain activity, promoting relaxation, reducing stress, and enhancing sleep quality. GABA plays a critical role in maintaining balanced mood and preventing neural overstimulation.
Test purpose: This test helps evaluate various neurological conditions. Abnormal GABA levels are associated with conditions such as anxiety, depression, chronic stress, epilepsy, and sleep disorders. As a key regulator of brain activity, GABA imbalances may trigger seizures in susceptible individuals.
Antioxidant Levels
Immune Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Glutathione reduced (GSH) is a powerful antioxidant made by the body. It protects cells from damage caused by free radicals (harmful molecules) and toxins. Glutathione also plays a role in boosting immune system and detoxifying harmful substances.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate antioxidant status and immune health: Evaluate how well the body is protecting itself from oxidative stress and cell damage that can lead to aging, inflammation, or chronic illness.
- Monitor detoxification function: Glutathione helps the liver remove toxins, so abnormal levels may reflect liver dysfunction.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cell and Tissue Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Guanine is one of the components of DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information. It helps store and transmit the instructions needed by the body to grow, repair, and function.
Test purpose: Guanine is particularly sensitive to damage by free radicals, and this damage can serve as a marker of oxidative stress, which is linked to aging and chronic diseases.
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Kynurenine is a substance that the body produces when it breaks down an amino acid called tryptophan (found in foods like meat, eggs, and dairy). Kynurenine is part of a pathway that helps regulate the immune system, inflammation, and brain function.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps doctors understand conditions related to inflammation, mood conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases, and provides insight into overall metabolic health.
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Metanephrine is a substance that forms when the body breaks down epinephrine (adrenaline), a hormone that helps you respond to stress. Abnormal levels of metanephrine can indicate that the body is producing too much adrenaline, often due to an issue with the adrenal glands.
Test purpose:
- Testing metanephrine helps identify adrenal gland conditions that cause the body to release too much adrenaline.
- Evaluate stress hormone activity: Helps determine if stress hormone overproduction is causing certain symptoms.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, University of Washington Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, University Hospitals, OUHealth, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a form of Vitamin B3. Nicotinamide helps synthesize NAD, thus playing a critical role in energy production, cellular health and healthy skin, brain, and nerves. Nicotinamide is also important for repairing damaged DNA and supporting the body’s natural defenses against aging and diseases.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, assess nutritional health. Low nicotinamide levels can lead to pellagra, a condition causing symptoms like skin rashes, diarrhea, confusion, and irritability.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol, Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
Immune Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in olive oil, avocados, nuts, and animal fats. It is known for its heart-healthy benefits, helping to reduce LDL cholesterol, support brain function, and lower inflammation. Unlike omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, oleic acid is not essential, as the body can synthesize it.
Test purpose: An oleic acid blood test helps assess:
- Cardiovascular health, since oleic acid influences cholesterol levels.
- Lipid metabolism and fat balance.
- Inflammatory response, as oleic acid helps reduce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.
- Brain and cognitive function, since it plays a role in neuronal protection and mental health.
- Nutritional status and dietary fat intake, ensuring a healthy balance of monounsaturated fats in the diet.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic
Female Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Pregnenolone is a hormone produced mainly in the adrenal glands (small organs above the kidneys), but also in the liver, brain, and reproductive organs. It acts as the “parent hormone” for many other important hormones, like cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. Pregnenolone plays a critical role in stress response, mood regulation, energy production, and brain function.
Test purpose: Testing its levels can help identify issues with adrenal function, hormone production, or neurological health (memory loss, cognitive decline, or mood disorders like depression). It is particularly useful in cases of unexplained fatigue, hormonal imbalances, low energy, or stress-related symptoms.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from foods like turkey, chicken, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, and seeds. Tryptophan is crucial for producing serotonin (a brain chemical that improves mood and sleep) and melatonin (a hormone that helps regulate sleep), which regulate mood and sleep, as well as supporting protein production and overall health.
Test purpose: Testing tryptophan levels can help detect metabolic conditions, identify nutritional deficiencies, and evaluate symptoms like fatigue, depression, or sleep disturbances.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Muscle Health
Resilience and Longevity
Explanation: Valine is an essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot make it on its own, but needs it from foods like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, nuts, and beans. It is especially important for building and repairing muscle tissue, providing energy, and supporting growth and recovery.
Test purpose: Testing its levels can help detect metabolic conditions, assess nutritional status, and monitor recovery in individuals with physical stress or illness.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Thyroid Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Calcium is a mineral essential for strong bones and teeth, as well as for muscle function, nerve signaling, blood clotting and heart health. It's the most abundant mineral in the body, with the majority stored in bones and teeth.
Test purpose: A calcium blood test measures calcium levels to assess bone health, kidney function, and metabolic balance. High calcium (hypercalcemia) may indicate excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or possibly excessive intake of vitamin D. Low calcium (hypocalcemia) may suggest vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, or malnutrition.
- Assess the risk or presence of bone diseases where calcium metabolism is altered.
- Evaluate parathyroid gland function (which regulates calcium levels).
- Monitor kidney disease, since the kidneys help regulate calcium.
- Check for calcium imbalances due to diet, medications, or medical conditions.
Other information about this test: Mayo, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Cell and Tissue Health
Glucose and Energy Levels
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a small molecule that acts as a messenger inside cells. It helps relay signals from hormones and other substances outside the cell to the inside, telling the cell how to respond. cAMP plays a major role in regulating processes like energy production, breaking down fats, controlling the effects of hormones like adrenaline and as an indicator of hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Test purpose:
- Evaluate hormone-related conditions: Abnormal cAMP levels can indicate problems with hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH), which affects calcium levels. This test is often used to investigate conditions where hormone signaling might be disrupted or when calcium and electrolyte imbalances are present.
- Monitor metabolic activity: To evaluate how cells are responding to hormones that regulate energy, fat breakdown, and sugar metabolism.
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Thiocyanate is a product of the body's metabolism of cyanide (which can come from certain foods like cassava, cabbage, broccoli or from tobacco smoke), converting it from a highly toxic form into a less harmful one that can be excreted. Thiocyanate is generally harmless at low levels and is often eliminated from the body through the urine. However, high levels can interfere with important body functions, like the thyroid gland, which regulates metabolism.
Test purpose: Thiocyanate testing is important for detecting cyanide exposure, assessing tobacco use, and monitoring thyroid health. High levels can impact thyroid hormone production, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, or slowed metabolism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Thyroxine (T4) is a hormone made by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck. It plays a critical role in regulating metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and digestion, and it supports proper growth and development. After T4 is released, it gets converted into another hormone called triiodothyronine (T3), which is the active form that the body uses.
Test purpose: Testing T4 levels helps detect and manage thyroid-related conditions like hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or thyroid nodules: Evaluate symptoms like fatigue, weight changes, rapid heartbeat, hair loss, or mood changes.
- Monitor thyroid treatment: For people taking thyroid medications, this test helps ensure the treatment is working properly.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic (T4 total), Mayo Clinic (T4 free), Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories: Free, ARUP Laboratories: Total, Johns Hopkins (T4 Free), Johns Hopkins (T4 Total)
Cardiovascular Health
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Triiodothyronine (T3) is a hormone made by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland in the neck. It plays an important role in regulating metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and overall energy levels. While some T3 is made directly by the thyroid, most of it comes from the conversion of another thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4), into T3.
Test purpose: Testing T3 levels helps detect and manage thyroid conditions.
- Detect thyroid conditions such as hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), or other thyroid problems: Evaluate symptoms of thyroid imbalance: Symptoms like rapid heartbeat, weight changes, fatigue, sweating, or mood swings may be linked to abnormal T3 levels.
- Differentiate thyroid conditions: In some cases, T3 may be elevated even if T4 levels are normal, helping to identify specific types of thyroid disorders like T3 toxicosis.
- Monitor thyroid treatment: For people on thyroid medication or treatment, T3 levels can indicate if the therapy is working effectively.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic (T3 total), Mayo Clinic (T3 free), UCLA Health, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories (T3 total), ARUP Laboratories (T3 free)
Liver and Pancreas Health
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Thyroid Health
Explanation: Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, which the human body can produce. Tyrosine is important for muscle recovery and also for making key substances in the body, including: neurotransmitters like dopamine (for mood and motivation), norepinephrine, and epinephrine (for stress response), thyroid hormones that regulate the metabolism, and melanin, the pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes. Tyrosine metabolism occurs in the liver.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps assess liver health, endocrine health and identify causes of neurological issues.
- Investigate thyroid issues: Tyrosine is important for thyroid hormone production, so imbalances may affect thyroid function.
- Monitor nutritional status: Low tyrosine levels may indicate poor protein intake or malnutrition.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is the active form of folate, a form of vitamin B9. It helps the body make and repair DNA, produce energy, and create brain chemicals that affect mood and mental function. Folate is also important for forming red blood cells and preventing certain birth defects during pregnancy.
Test purpose:
- Assess folate deficiency: Low levels can cause fatigue, anemia, and other health issues.
- Monitor folate metabolism: For people who may have genetic conditions (like MTHFR gene mutations, which can occur at any age) that affect their ability to process folate from food or supplements.
- Support pregnancy health: Ensuring adequate levels of folate is vital for fetal development.
Other information about this test: Synnovis, Mayo Clinic
Muscle Health
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Biotin is also known as Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H. It's crucial for the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. Biotin is found in foods like eggs, nuts, seeds, and vegetables, and the body needs it in small amounts every day.
Test purpose:
- Check for biotin deficiency: Low biotin levels can cause symptoms like thinning hair, skin rashes, and brittle nails.
- Monitor people on long-term antibiotics or special diets: These can interfere with biotin levels.
- Assess unexplained symptoms: Such as fatigue, muscle pain, or neurological issues, which may relate to low biotin levels.
Other information about this test: NIH, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, ARUP Laboratories
Kidney Health
Thyroid Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Calcium is a mineral essential for strong bones and teeth, as well as for muscle function, nerve signaling, blood clotting and heart health. It's the most abundant mineral in the body, with the majority stored in bones and teeth.
Test purpose: A calcium blood test measures calcium levels to assess bone health, kidney function, and metabolic balance. High calcium (hypercalcemia) may indicate excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or possibly excessive intake of vitamin D. Low calcium (hypocalcemia) may suggest vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, or malnutrition.
- Assess the risk or presence of bone diseases where calcium metabolism is altered.
- Evaluate parathyroid gland function (which regulates calcium levels).
- Monitor kidney disease, since the kidneys help regulate calcium.
- Check for calcium imbalances due to diet, medications, or medical conditions.
Other information about this test: Mayo, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body's cells and serves as an indicator of overall iron reserves. Low ferritin levels can signal an iron deficiency, while high levels may indicate excess iron or inflammation. Since iron is critical for producing hemoglobin (an essential component of red blood cells), monitoring ferritin levels can help assess and manage various conditions related to iron balance.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate iron stores and differentiate iron deficiency anemia from anemia of chronic disease.
- Identify or monitor conditions associated with iron overload (such as hemochromatosis).
- Detect or monitor inflammation, as ferritin can rise in response to inflammatory processes.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is crucial for several biological processes: DNA synthesis and repair, produce red blood cells and support cell growth. It’s especially important during pregnancy for the healthy development of the baby’s brain and spine. Folate is found naturally in foods like leafy greens, beans, citrus fruits, and fortified grains (in most states most grain products are supplemented with folate by law).
Test purpose:
- Check for folate deficiency: Low folate levels can cause anemia (a condition where the blood has too few healthy red blood cells) and symptoms like fatigue or weakness. Certain conditions, like celiac disease or Crohn’s disease, can prevent the body from absorbing folate properly.
- Monitor during pregnancy: To ensure the mother has enough folate for the baby’s proper development and to prevent neural tube defects.
- Monitor vitamin B12-related issues: Folate and B12 are closely linked, so testing helps differentiate between deficiencies of these vitamins.
- Support neurological health: Folate is important for brain function, and low levels may contribute to mood changes or cognitive decline.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Cardiovascular Health
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Homocysteine is an amino acid that is produced by the body as part of the metabolism of methionine, another amino acid. Normally, the body quickly breaks down homocysteine into other useful substances with the help of vitamins B6, B12, and folate.
Test purpose:
- Check heart disease risk: High homocysteine levels are linked to damage in blood vessels, which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
- Detect vitamin deficiencies: Low levels of B6, B12, or folate can lead to elevated homocysteine.
- Evaluate unexplained blood clots: High homocysteine can increase the risk of abnormal blood clotting.
- Assess neurological symptoms: Elevated homocysteine may be associated with memory loss, cognitive decline, and conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.
- The test is often ordered if you have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, a family history of heart disease, or symptoms of vitamin deficiencies. Managing homocysteine levels often involves improving diet (more B vitamins) or taking supplements.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Iron is a crucial mineral involved in the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. It is also important for healthy muscles, bone marrow, and organ function. Lack of iron may lead to less hemoglobin in the body, causing iron-deficiency anemia.
Test Purpose:
- Evaluate iron levels to detect or rule out iron deficiency anemia.
- Identify or monitor conditions associated with iron overload, such as hemochromatosis.
- Investigate potential causes of fatigue, weakness, or other symptoms linked to abnormal iron levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), measures the maximum amount of iron that can be bound by proteins in the blood, mainly transferrin. This measure helps assess whether the body has sufficient iron available for vital functions like forming hemoglobin.
Test Purpose: Not having enough iron in the diet is the most common cause of anemia and is the most common type of diet deficiency in the U.S. The Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC) thus helps detect conditions such as iron deficiency anemia (often associated with elevated TIBC) or iron overload (often associated with low TIBC).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in many biochemical reactions throughout the body. It helps maintain healthy muscle and nerve function, supports a steady heartbeat, promotes bone strength, and assists in energy production. Most magnesium is stored in the bones, with the remainder found in muscles and soft tissues.
Test purpose:
- Evaluate magnesium levels to detect or monitor deficiencies (hypomagnesemia) or excess (hypermagnesemia).
- Assess kidney function, since the kidneys help regulate magnesium balance.
- Track the effectiveness of treatments or dietary changes aimed at correcting magnesium levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Methylmalonic acid is a substance made in the body during the breakdown of proteins and fats for energy. Normally, the body uses Vitamin B12 to keep methylmalonic acid levels low. Elevated methylmalonic acid levels are a sensitive marker for B12 deficiency, even before blood levels of B12 drop.
Test purpose: Methylmalonic acid testing helps detect Vitamin B12 deficiency early, even before symptoms appear. This is important because untreated B12 deficiency can cause anemia, nerve damage, and long-term health issues. It’s particularly useful for people with unexplained fatigue, neurological problems, or dietary restrictions (like vegetarians or vegans).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, UCSF Health, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Resilience and Longevity
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a form of Vitamin B3. Nicotinamide helps synthesize NAD, thus playing a critical role in energy production, cellular health and healthy skin, brain, and nerves. Nicotinamide is also important for repairing damaged DNA and supporting the body’s natural defenses against aging and diseases.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, assess nutritional health. Low nicotinamide levels can lead to pellagra, a condition causing symptoms like skin rashes, diarrhea, confusion, and irritability.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is an essential human nutrient needed by the body to turn food into energy. It also helps keep the nervous system, skin, and digestive system healthy. Nicotinic acid is found in foods like meat, fish, nuts, grains, and fortified foods.
Test purpose: Testing for niacin helps, detect deficiencies, monitor supplementation, and ensure proper nutrition, particularly in individuals with malnutrition.
- Evaluate vitamin B3 deficiency and assess its nutritional status: Especially in people with poor diets, alcoholism, or digestive conditions that affect nutrient absorption.
- Investigate neurological symptoms: Adequate levels are necessary for proper brain function, potentially affecting mood and cognition.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Phosphorus is an essential mineral that plays a key role in bone and teeth formation, nerve signaling and muscle contraction. Most phosphorus in the body is stored in bones, with a small amount circulating in the blood. Serum phosphate levels are influenced by dietary intake and hormonal regulation.
Test Purpose:
- Assess phosphorus levels to help detect and monitor conditions affecting bone health, kidney and liver function (leading to high phosphorus levels), hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood- leading to low phosphorus levels) etc.
- Evaluate dietary deficiencies and malnutrition of phosphate and vitamin D.
- Monitor phosphorus levels in individuals with hypoparathyroidism or primary hyperparathyroidism.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Liver and Pancreas Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Transferrin is a protein primarily produced by the liver that transports iron in the bloodstream. Almost all iron in the body is typically bound to transferrin. Iron is essential for various bodily functions, including enabling red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body. Transferrin levels are regulated by iron requirements and reserves.
Test Purpose:
- Evaluate iron transport and detect iron deficiency or iron overload disorders.
- Help distinguish between different types of anemia, such as iron deficiency anemia in case of high transferrin levels and hemolytic anemia in case of low transferrin levels.
- Assess liver function, as transferrin is produced by the liver.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Liver and Pancreas Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin A is a vitamin that the body needs for good vision, a healthy immune system, and proper growth and development. It also helps keep the skin and the lining of nose, lungs, and digestive system healthy. Vitamin A is found in foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, eggs, and dairy products.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, prevent toxicity, and ensure proper nutritional support, especially in individuals with dietary restrictions, malabsorption conditions, or symptoms of Vitamin A imbalance.
- Check for Vitamin A deficiency: Low levels can cause night blindness, dry skin, a weakened immune system, and delayed growth in children.
- Monitor liver health: Vitamin A is stored in the liver, so abnormal levels may reflect liver dysfunction.
- Evaluate eye health issues: Vitamin A is critical for maintaining healthy vision, and its deficiency can lead to xerophthalmia (dry eyes) or more severe eye problems.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is an essential vitamin that helps the body turn the food into energy. It’s especially important for the health of the nerves, brain, and heart. Thiamine is found in foods like whole grains, nuts, seeds, pork, and fortified cereals. Since the body doesn’t store much of it, it needs to be consumed regularly.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies that can cause serious neurological, muscular, or cardiovascular problems, and ensures proper supplementation or dietary adjustments when needed.
- Evaluate nutritional status: Especially in people with poor diets, malabsorption disorders (e.g., celiac disease or Crohn’s disease), or chronic illnesses.
- Monitor risk in alcohol use disorder: Alcohol reduces thiamine absorption and increases the risk of deficiency.
- Assess symptoms of deficiency: Such as fatigue, muscle weakness, confusion, memory problems, or irregular heartbeat.
Other information about this test: ARUP Laboratories, Michigan Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai
Glucose and Energy Levels
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin, is an essential vitamin that helps the body convert food into energy. It’s also important for keeping the skin, eyes, and nerves healthy and for supporting the production of red blood cells. Riboflavin is found in foods like milk, eggs, green leafy vegetables, and meat.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies that can cause fatigue, skin problems, and other health issues, ensuring proper treatment or dietary adjustments.
- Detect riboflavin deficiency and monitor nutritional status: Low levels can cause symptoms like cracked lips, sore throat, red or inflamed tongue, and dry skin.
- Evaluate symptoms of fatigue or anemia: Riboflavin is important for making red blood cells, so deficiency can contribute to anemia and low energy.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai
Glucose and Energy Levels
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is an essential vitamin that helps the body convert food into energy. It plays a key role in making fatty acids, hormones, and red blood cells. Vitamin B5 is found in a wide variety of foods, including meat, eggs, dairy, whole grains, avocados, and broccoli, so deficiencies are rare.
Test purpose: While deficiencies are rare, testing can help identify nutritional gaps in people with unexplained fatigue, poor diets, or metabolic concerns.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic, ARUP Laboratories
Glucose and Energy Levels
Neurological Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Pyridoxine is one form of Vitamin B6, an essential vitamin that helps convert food into energy, supports the production of red blood cells that carry oxygen, and plays a key role in making neurotransmitters. Pyridoxine is found in foods like chicken, fish, potatoes, bananas, and fortified cereals. Pyridoxine is transformed into its active form, Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), which the body uses to carry out its functions.
Test purpose: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) is vital for energy production, brain function, and red blood cell formation. Testing B6 levels helps detect deficiencies or toxicities, which can cause neurological problems, fatigue, and other health concerns, ensuring proper detection and treatment.
Other information about this test: Mount Sinai
Immune Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for maintaining healthy bones by facilitating calcium absorption. It also supports immune system function, helps keep the bones strong, and supports many other functions. The body synthesizes vitamin D upon exposure to sunlight, but it can also be obtained from dietary sources such as fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and supplements.
Test Purpose:
- Assess vitamin D levels to detect deficiencies or excesses, which can impact bone health and calcium metabolism.
- Monitor individuals at risk for vitamin D deficiency, including those with limited sun exposure, certain medical conditions, or dietary restrictions.
- Guide treatment plans involving vitamin D supplementation to ensure appropriate dosing and effectiveness.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic- 25-OH-D2 and D3, Mayo Clinic- Vitamin D, Cleveland Clinic- Vitamin D 25 Hydroxy, Cleveland Clinic- Vitamin D Deficiency, Cleveland Clinic- What Does Vitamin D Do?, Mount Sinai- 25-OH-D, Mount Sinai- Vitamin D, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins, Medscape
Antioxidant Levels
Muscle Health
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin E acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. It’s also important for maintaining the immune system and maintaining nerves and muscles. Vitamin E is found in foods like nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, spinach, and avocados.
Test purpose: Testing its levels helps detect deficiencies, monitor absorption issues, and prevent complications from both low and excessive levels, ensuring overall health and well-being.
- Detect Vitamin E deficiency: Low levels can cause symptoms like muscle weakness, vision problems, or issues with coordination due to nerve damage.
- Monitor people with malabsorption conditions.
- Assess nutritional status: Especially in people with poor diets, malnutrition, or those unable to absorb fat properly (since Vitamin E is fat-soluble).
- Monitor supplementation: High doses of Vitamin E supplements can cause toxicity, so testing ensures safe levels.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, ARUP Laboratories, Mount Sinai, Cleveland Clinic
Vitamins and Minerals
Explanation: Vitamin K1 plays a critical role in helping the blood clot properly to stop bleeding. It also supports bone health by helping the body use calcium efficiently. Vitamin K1 is mainly found in green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale, and broccoli, as well as in some vegetable oils.
Test purpose: Testing its levels can help identify deficiencies that lead to bleeding problems, ensure proper management of blood-thinning therapies, and monitor overall health in people with conditions that affect Vitamin K absorption or usage.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai link (Dietary and Supplement), Mount Sinai link (Nutrition), ARUP Laboratories, Johns Hopkins
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Basophils are a type of white blood cell that help the immune system respond to infections, allergies, and inflammation. They release histamine and other chemicals that play a role in allergic reactions and defense against pathogens.
Test purpose: A basophil blood test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High basophil count (basophilia) may indicate allergic reactions, infections, inflammatory diseases, or blood disorders.
- Detect allergic reactions (e.g., hay fever, asthma).
- Identify chronic inflammation (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
- Detect myeloproliferative diseases.
- Assess immune system function.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Basophils, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Basophils
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Basophils are a type of white blood cell that help the immune system respond to infections, allergies, and inflammation. They release histamine and other chemicals that play a role in allergic reactions and defense against pathogens.
Test purpose: A basophil blood test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High basophil count (basophilia) may indicate allergic reactions, infections, inflammatory diseases, or blood disorders.
- Detect allergic reactions (e.g., hay fever, asthma).
- Identify chronic inflammation (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
- Detect myeloproliferative diseases.
- Assess immune system function.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Basophils, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Basophils
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that help fight parasite infections, allergies, and inflammation. They play a role in the immune response by releasing chemicals that combat infections and regulate allergic reactions.
Test purpose: An eosinophil blood test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High eosinophil count (eosinophilia), may indicate allergies, asthma, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, or blood disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Eosinophils, Mount Sinai- Blood Differential, Mount Sinai- Eosinophils, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- CBC, UCSF Health- Eosinophils, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Eosinophils
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that help fight parasite infections, allergies, and inflammation. They play a role in the immune response by releasing chemicals that combat infections and regulate allergic reactions.
Test purpose: An eosinophil blood test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High eosinophil count (eosinophilia), may indicate allergies, asthma, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, or blood disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Eosinophils, Mount Sinai- Blood Differential, Mount Sinai- Eosinophils, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- CBC, UCSF Health- Eosinophils, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Eosinophils
Cardiovascular Health
Kidney Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in your blood. It helps determine how well your blood carries oxygen throughout the body.
Test purpose: A hematocrit test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low hematocrit may indicate anemia, blood loss, kidney disease, whereas high hematocrit may suggest dehydration, lung disease, heart disease, or polycythemia vera (a blood disorder).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Kidney Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. It plays a crucial role in oxygen delivery and overall blood health.
Test purpose: A hemoglobin test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low hemoglobin may indicate anemia, blood loss, iron or vitamin deficiencies, kidney disease, or bone marrow disorders. High hemoglobin may suggest dehydration, lung disease, heart disease, or polycythemia vera (a blood disorder causing excess RBC production).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, ARUP Laboratories, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Immature granulocytes (IGs) are young white blood cells that develop into neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (key players in the body's defense against infections and in managing allergic reactions). Typically, these immature cells reside in the bone marrow until they mature. The Immature Granulocytes (IG) count measures the actual number of these young cells present in a blood sample. In healthy individuals, immature granulocytes are usually absent from the bloodstream. This test provides valuable information about the body's immune response and bone marrow function, aiding in the detection and monitoring of various health conditions.
Test Purpose: This test is part of a complete blood count (CBC) with differential and is used to:
- Detect early signs of infection or inflammation: An increased number of immature granulocytes in the blood can indicate that the body is responding to an infection or inflammatory condition.
- Monitor bone marrow health and activity: Elevated IG levels may suggest that the bone marrow is producing and releasing cells prematurely, which can occur in response to infections or certain bone marrow disorders.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Immature granulocytes (IGs) are young white blood cells that develop into neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (key players in the body's defense against infections and in managing allergic reactions). Typically, these immature cells reside in the bone marrow until they mature. The Immature Granulocytes (IG) count measures the actual number of these young cells present in a blood sample. In healthy individuals, immature granulocytes are usually absent from the bloodstream. This test provides valuable information about the body's immune response and bone marrow function, aiding in the detection and monitoring of various health conditions.
Test Purpose: This test is part of a complete blood count (CBC) with differential and is used to:
- Detect early signs of infection or inflammation: An increased number of immature granulocytes in the blood can indicate that the body is responding to an infection or inflammatory condition.
- Monitor bone marrow health and activity: Elevated IG levels may suggest that the bone marrow is producing and releasing cells prematurely, which can occur in response to infections or certain bone marrow disorders.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic, Johns Hopkins, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)
Blood Health
Explanation: Immature Reticulocyte Fraction (IRF) measures the percentage of young reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) in the bloodstream. These cells are newly released from the bone marrow and indicate how actively the body is producing new red blood cells (RBCs). A high IRF suggests an increased demand for RBC production, while a low IRF may indicate bone marrow suppression from something like anemia due to low nutrients or bone marrow problems, or reduced RBC production.
Test purpose: An IRF test helps assess:
- Bone marrow activity, especially in response to anemia, blood loss, or recovery from bone marrow suppression.
- Types of anemia, distinguishing between nutritional deficiencies (iron, B12, folate) and bone marrow failure.
- Effectiveness of anemia treatment, such as iron therapy, erythropoietin therapy, or transfusions.
- Bone marrow recovery after transplantation or severe illness.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Oregon Health & Science University
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system, helping the body fight infections, viruses, and diseases. They include:
- B cells – Produce antibodies to fight infections.
- T cells – Destroy infected or cancerous cells and regulate immune responses.
- Natural Killer (NK) cells – Attack virus-infected and tumor cells.
Test purpose: A lymphocyte count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis) may indicate viral infections, or chronic inflammation, or blood disorders. Low lymphocyte count (lymphocytopenia) may suggest immune deficiency, severe infections, chemotherapy effects, or autoimmune diseases.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- Lymphocytes, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins- Core Lab Reference Ranges, Johns Hopkins- Immune System, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system, helping the body fight infections, viruses, and diseases. They include:
- B cells – Produce antibodies to fight infections.
- T cells – Destroy infected or cancerous cells and regulate immune responses.
- Natural Killer (NK) cells – Attack virus-infected and tumor cells.
Test purpose: A lymphocyte count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). High lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis) may indicate viral infections, or chronic inflammation, or blood disorders. Low lymphocyte count (lymphocytopenia) may suggest immune deficiency, severe infections, chemotherapy effects, or autoimmune diseases.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- Lymphocytes, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins- Core Lab Reference Ranges, Johns Hopkins- Immune System, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Blood Health
Explanation: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) measures the average amount of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein) in a single red blood cell (RBC). It helps assess anemia and red blood cell function.
Test purpose: An MCH test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low MCH may indicate iron deficiency anemia or chronic disease anemia. High MCH may suggest vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia.
- Detect different types of anemia.
- Evaluate oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells.
- Monitor blood disorders and chronic conditions.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- MCH, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Blood Health
Explanation: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) measures the average concentration of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein) in a single red blood cell (RBC). It helps assess red blood cell function and anemia types.
Test purpose: An MCHC test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low MCHC may indicate iron deficiency anemia or chronic disease anemia, where RBCs have less hemoglobin and appear pale (hypochromic anemia).
High MCHC may suggest hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia where RBCs are more concentrated with hemoglobin (hyperchromic anemia).
- Detect types of anemia (iron deficiency, B12 deficiency hypochromic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, etc.).
- Evaluate oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells.
- Monitor chronic illnesses affecting blood production.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- MCHC, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Liver and Pancreas Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) measures the average size of red blood cells (RBCs). It helps detect different types of anemia and blood disorders.
Test purpose: An MCV test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low MCV (microcytic anemia) may indicate iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, or other hemoglobin disorders. High MCV (macrocytic anemia) may suggest vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia or liver disease.
- Identify types of anemia.
- Evaluate red blood cell health and oxygen-carrying capacity.
- Monitor chronic conditions affecting blood production.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- MCV, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) measures the average size of platelets, which are essential for blood clotting and wound healing. Larger platelets are younger and more active, while smaller platelets may indicate bone marrow issues or chronic conditions.
Test purpose: An MPV test is part of a complete blood count (CBC). Low MPV may indicate bone marrow disorders, or autoimmune diseases. High MPV may suggest increased platelet production due to bone marrow stimulation, inflammation, or blood clotting disorders.
- Assess platelet production and function.
- Detect blood disorders and bone marrow conditions.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- MPV, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that help fight infections, remove dead cells, and regulate the immune system. They engulf harmful substances and stimulate immune responses.
Test purpose: A monocyte count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). A high monocyte count (monocytosis) may indicate chronic infections, inflammatory diseases, or autoimmune disorders. A low monocyte count (monocytopenia) may suggest bone marrow suppression, immune deficiency, or blood infections.
- Detect infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic).
- Detect inflammatory and autoimmune conditions (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis).
- Identify blood disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic- Monocytes, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Monocytes, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- Blood Differential, UCSF Health- CBC, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that help fight infections, remove dead cells, and regulate the immune system. They engulf harmful substances and stimulate immune responses.
Test purpose: A monocyte count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). A high monocyte count (monocytosis) may indicate chronic infections, inflammatory diseases, or autoimmune disorders. A low monocyte count (monocytopenia) may suggest bone marrow suppression, immune deficiency, or blood infections.
- Detect infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic).
- Detect inflammatory and autoimmune conditions (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis).
- Identify blood disorders.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic- Monocytes, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Monocytes, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- Blood Differential, UCSF Health- CBC, MedlinePlus
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that form the first line of defense against infections. They help fight bacterial, fungal, and viral infections by engulfing and destroying harmful invaders. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of WBC in the bloodstream.
Test purpose: A neutrophil count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). A high neutrophil count (neutrophilia) may indicate bacterial infections and inflammation. A low neutrophil count (neutropenia) may suggest viral infections, bone marrow disorders, or autoimmune diseases.
- Detect bacterial and viral infections.
- Detect inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
- Monitor bone marrow function.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- Neutrophils, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- CBC, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Neutrophils
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that form the first line of defense against infections. They help fight bacterial, fungal, and viral infections by engulfing and destroying harmful invaders. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of WBC in the bloodstream.
Test purpose: A neutrophil count is part of a complete blood count (CBC). A high neutrophil count (neutrophilia) may indicate bacterial infections and inflammation. A low neutrophil count (neutropenia) may suggest viral infections, bone marrow disorders, or autoimmune diseases.
- Detect bacterial and viral infections.
- Detect inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
- Monitor bone marrow function.
Other information about this test: Cleveland Clinic- Neutrophils, Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health- CBC, MedlinePlus- Blood Differential, MedlinePlus- Neutrophils
Kidney Health
Blood Health
Explanation: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and remove carbon dioxide. They contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen and ensures the body’s tissues get the oxygen they need for energy.
Test purpose: An RBC count is part of a Complete Blood Count (CBC). Low RBC count (anemia) may indicate blood loss, iron or vitamin deficiencies, kidney disease, or bone marrow disorders. High RBC count (polycythemia) may suggest dehydration, lung disease, heart disease.
- Detect anemia (low RBCs) or polycythemia (high RBCs).
- Assess oxygen-carrying capacity and overall blood health.
- Monitor chronic conditions affecting red blood cell production (e.g., kidney disease, bone marrow disorders).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic- CBC, Mayo Clinic- High red blood cell count, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- Red Blood Cells, Mount Sinai- CBC, Mount Sinai- Red Blood Cells, Johns Hopkins- Core lab reference ranges, Johns Hopkins- Red Blood Cell Count, UCSF Health- CBC, UCSF Health- Red Blood Cell, MedlinePlus- CBC, MedlinePlus- Red Blood Cell Count
Blood Health
Explanation: Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) measures the variation in the size and volume of red blood cells (RBCs). A high RDW means that the RBCs vary more in size, which can indicate anemia or other blood disorders.
Test purpose: An RDW test is part of a Complete Blood Count (CBC). High RDW may indicate iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, or bone marrow disorders. Normal RDW suggests uniform RBC size and is usually normal.
- Detect different types of anemia.
- Detect iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiencies.
- Assess bone marrow function and blood disorders.
- Monitor chronic conditions affecting red blood cell production.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- RDW, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus- CBC, MedlinePlus- RDW
Blood Health
Explanation: Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) measures the variation in the size and volume of red blood cells (RBCs). A high RDW means that the RBCs vary more in size, which can indicate anemia or other blood disorders.
Test purpose: An RDW test is part of a Complete Blood Count (CBC). High RDW may indicate iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, or bone marrow disorders. Normal RDW suggests uniform RBC size and is usually normal.
- Detect different types of anemia.
- Detect iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiencies.
- Assess bone marrow function and blood disorders.
- Monitor chronic conditions affecting red blood cell production.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic- CBC, Cleveland Clinic- RDW, Johns Hopkins, MedlinePlus- CBC, MedlinePlus- RDW, The University of Iowa, Department of Pathology
Blood Health
Explanation: Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent (RET-He) measures the amount of hemoglobin in reticulocytes, which are young red blood cells recently produced by the bone marrow. This measurement provides insight into the body's current iron availability for new red blood cell production, as reticulocytes reflect recent bone marrow activity.
Test purpose: The RET-He test is used to:
- Monitor iron therapy effectiveness, as increasing RET-He values indicate a positive response to treatments like iron supplements or erythropoietin (EPO) therapy.
- Differentiate between types of anemia, helping to distinguish iron deficiency anemia from other forms by assessing hemoglobin content in reticulocytes.
By evaluating RET-He levels, healthcare providers can gain a timely understanding of a patient's iron status and the bone marrow's ability to produce adequately hemoglobinized red blood cells.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)- CBC, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)- Reticulocyte Profile
Blood Health
Explanation: Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells (RBCs) that are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. They develop into fully mature RBCs within a few days and help carry oxygen throughout the body. Measuring reticulocytes helps assess how well the bone marrow is producing red blood cells, especially after blood loss or in conditions affecting RBC production. If reticulocyte levels are high, it may indicate increased RBC production due to anemia, blood loss, or bone marrow recovery. If low, it may suggest bone marrow failure, iron deficiency or pernicious anemia, or kidney disease.
Test purpose: A reticulocyte count test helps assess:
- Anemia detection, to determine if the bone marrow is making enough new RBCs as well as assess specific types of anemia.
- Bone marrow function, response to anemia treatment.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)- CBC, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)- Reticulocytes, MedlinePlus
Blood Health
Explanation: Reticulocytes are young, immature red blood cells (RBCs) that are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. They develop into fully mature RBCs within a few days and help carry oxygen throughout the body. Measuring reticulocytes helps assess how well the bone marrow is producing red blood cells, especially after blood loss or in conditions affecting RBC production. If reticulocyte levels are high, it may indicate increased RBC production due to anemia, blood loss, or bone marrow recovery. If low, it may suggest bone marrow failure, iron deficiency or pernicious anemia, or kidney disease.
Test purpose: A reticulocyte count test helps assess:
Anemia detection, to determine if the bone marrow is making enough new RBCs as well as assess specific types of anemia.
Bone marrow function, response to anemia treatment.
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins, Cleveland Clinic, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)- CBC, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU)- Reticulocytes, MedlinePlus, Mount Sinai, UCSF Health
Immune Health
Blood Health
Explanation: White Blood Cells (WBCs) are part of the immune system and help fight infections, inflammation, and diseases. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood to protect the body.
Test purpose: A WBC count is part of a Complete Blood Count (CBC). High WBC count (leukocytosis) may indicate infection, inflammation, stress or immune disorders. Low WBC count (leukopenia) may suggest bone marrow disorders, viral infections, or autoimmune diseases.
- Detect infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic).
- Detect immune system disorders, monitor bone marrow function.
- Assess chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus).
Other information about this test: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai, Johns Hopkins, UCSF Health, MedlinePlus